Unveiling the Potential of Biosurfactant Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Amazonian Agro-Industrial Waste as Stabilizing Agent and Former of Antibacterial Nanoemulsions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2025v29n2p376-396Abstract
Copaiba (Copaifera L.) and andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) are native tropical trees of the Amazon, extensively utilized for their oils, which possess diverse nutritional, economic, and pharmacological applications. These oils exhibit antimicrobial properties against various bacteria, including key pathogens implicated in bovine mastitis, a prevalent inflammatory condition affecting dairy cattle’s mammary glands. However, their hydrophobic characteristics pose challenges in formulating effective therapeutic agents. Furthermore, inadequate disposal of by-products from andiroba processing results in severe economic, social, and environmental repercussions. This study explores the feasibility of utilizing residual biomass from andiroba fruit processing to produce a rhamnolipid biosurfactant by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated as BSAW. The extraction yield of BSAW was approximately 5 mg/mL, exhibiting an emulsifying activity of 60% and a surface tension reduction to 28 mN/m. At concentrations as low as 2.5 mg/mL, BSAW exhibited antibacterial activity against ATCC strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, as well as clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., and Corynebacterium bovis. Additionally, BSAW serves as a stabilizing agent for an oil-water nanoemulsion containing copaiba oil (NEBSAW) through high-energy methods, enhancing antimicrobial activity at concentrations below 0.02 mg/mL. This study underscores the potential of rhamnolipid biosurfactants as eco-friendly alternatives for nanoemulsion formulations and highlights the importance of regional biodiversity in driving innovative and environmentally responsible solutions. Future recommendations include optimizing extraction methodologies and investigating additional applications of BSAW to address unsustainable development practices.
Keywords: Natural Resources. Rhamnolipid. Bovine Mastitis.
Resumo
Copaíba (Copaifera L.) e andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) são árvores tropicais nativas da Amazônia, amplamente reconhecidas por seus óleos, que possuem aplicações significativas nas áreas nutricional, econômica e farmacológica. Os óleos extraídos dessas plantas demonstram propriedades antimicrobianas contra uma variedade de bactérias, incluindo patógenos relevantes associados à mastite bovina, uma condição inflamatória que afeta as glândulas mamárias do gado leiteiro. Entretanto, as características hidrofóbicas desses óleos limitam sua eficácia como agentes terapêuticos. Além disso, o descarte inadequado dos subprodutos gerados no processamento da andiroba acarreta sérias repercussões econômicas, sociais e ambientais. O presente estudo investigou a viabilidade do aproveitamento da biomassa residual oriunda do processamento do fruto da andiroba para a produção de um biossurfactante ramnolipídico pela bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designado BSAW. O rendimento da extração de BSAW foi de aproximadamente 5 mg/mL, apresentando atividade emulsificante de 60% e promovendo redução da tensão superficial para 28 mN/m. Em concentrações iniciais de 2,5 mg/mL, BSAW exibiu atividade antibacteriana contra cepas ATCC de Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus agalactiae, e isolados clínicos de Escherichia coli, S. aureus coagulase-positivo e coagulase-negativo, Klebsiella spp. e Corynebacterium bovis. Adicionalmente, BSAW revelou-se eficaz como um agente estabilizador de uma nanoemulsão óleo-água contendo óleo de copaíba (NEBSAW), quando produzida por métodos de alta energia, potencializando o efeito antimicrobiano em concentrações inferiores a 0,02 mg/mL. Este estudo ressalta o potencial dos biossurfactantes ramnolipídicos como alternativas ecologicamente sustentáveis para formulações de nanoemulsões, evidenciando a importância da biodiversidade regional na promoção de soluções inovadoras e ambientalmente responsáveis. Recomenda-se, para trabalhos futuros, a otimização das metodologias de extração e a exploração de aplicações adicionais de BSAW na mitigação dos impactos de práticas de desenvolvimento insustentáveis.
Palavras-chave: Recursos Naturais. Ramnolipídio. Mastite Bovina.
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