Generalization Versus Specialization in Plant Pollination Systems: What do Floral Visitors Tell us?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2025v29n2p487-504Abstract
Floral traits may either facilitate or constrain the gathering of food resources by certain animals. We sought to define the specialization versus generalization levels in the pollination system in plant species with high floral provision and visited by foraging insects. We therefore hypothesized that in the plant-floral visitor interaction networks there is a gradient continuum of floral specializations in a plant community, from highly generalist to fully specialized species. The species studied had eight types of flowers (dish, gullet, capitulum, dish with oil-secreting glands, dish with poricidal anthers, brush, tubular, and transition between open and deep polypetalous), and showed a continuum of pollination systems, from the more specialized levels to the most generalized. The most specialized species were visited predominantly by functional groups of efficient pollinators, whereas the most generalist species received visitors of four or five functional groups, but they did not act as efficient pollinators. In the more generalist species, it was not possible to characterize the floral visitors as pollen vectors or thieves/pillagers of resources. The parts of the insect bodies that transfer pollen to the floral stigmas can be grouped into five regions: dorsal of the thorax, ventral of the thorax and abdomen, frontal of the head, and the tibia and dorsal region of the abdomen. Plants evidencing even the highest levels of floral specialization can nonetheless be visited by floral resource thieves and/or robbers – floral specialization is not capable of eliminating floral visitors prejudicial to plant reproduction.
Keywords: Floral Shape. Foraging Behavior. Pollen Transfer. Resource Theft/Looting.
Resumo
Características florais podem facilitar ou restringir a coleta de recursos alimentares por certos animais. Buscamos definir os níveis de especialização versus generalização no sistema de polinização em espécies de plantas com elevada disposição floral e visitadas por insetos. Portanto, levantamos a hipótese que nas redes de interação planta-visitante floral há um contínuo de especializações florais em uma comunidade vegetal, de espécies altamente generalistas para espécies totalmente especializadas. As espécies estudadas tinham oito tipos de flores (disco, goela, capítulo, disco com glândulas secretoras de óleo, disco com anteras poricidas, pincel, tubulares e transição entre polipétalas abertas e profundas) e mostraram um contínuo de sistemas de polinização, dos níveis mais especializados aos mais generalizados. As espécies mais especializadas foram visitadas predominantemente por grupos funcionais de polinizadores eficientes, enquanto as espécies mais generalistas receberam visitantes de quatro ou cinco grupos funcionais, mas não agiram como polinizadores eficientes. Nas espécies mais generalistas não foi possível definir se os visitantes florais eram vetores de pólen ou furtadores/pilhadores de recursos. As partes dos corpos dos insetos que transferem pólen para os estigmas florais puderam ser agrupadas em cinco regiões: dorsal do tórax, ventral do tórax e abdômen, frontal da cabeça e a tíbia e região dorsal do abdômen. As plantas que evidenciam os níveis mais elevados de especialização floral podem, no entanto, ser visitadas por furtadores e/ou pilhadores de recursos florais – indicando que a especialização floral em si não é capaz de eliminar visitantes florais prejudiciais à reprodução das plantas.
Palavras-chave: Formato Floral. Comportamento de Forrageamento. Transferência de Pólen. Furto/Pilhagem de Recursos.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Leandro Pereira Polatto, Paulo Roberto De Abreu Tavares, Glaucia Almeida De Morais, Jessica Amaral Henrique, Valter Vieira Alves Junior

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