Aflatoxina M1 e Aflatoxina B1-lisina como Biomarcadores de Avaliação da Eficiência de Adsorventes para Aflatoxinas: Artigo de Revisão
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2018v22n3p171-178Resumo
A contaminação de alimentos por aflatoxinas, principalmente, a aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) representa um problema mundial para a saúde humana e animal. Uma forma de avaliar a exposição a estes contaminantes é analisando a dieta para verificar a ocorrência destes compostos. Esta metodologia, no entanto, tem limitações devido à variabilidade das aflatoxinas encontradas nos alimentos e às diferenças individuais na toxicocinética dos compostos. Por outro lado, o biomonitoramento de aflatoxinas em fluidos biológicos se utilizando de biomarcadores gera informações mais confiáveis sobre a exposição a estas toxinas nos indivíduos. O uso de adsorventes químicos na ração animal possibilita a detoxificação de aflatoxinas sem produzir efeitos tóxicos nem alterar as propriedades nutricionais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo revisar os dados publicados sobre a eficiência in vitro e in vivo de adsorventes para aflatoxinas, bem como estudos referentes ao uso da aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) e da AFB1-lisina como biomarcadores para avaliar a redução da biodisponibilidade da AFB1 por adsorventes em rações. Trabalhos relevantes publicados nos últimos dez anos (2009-presente) foram selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar. A determinação de AFM1 no leite e/ou na urina, bem como de AFB1-lisina no soro, indica a biodisponibilidade individual da AFB1 em ensaios para avaliar a eficiência de adsorventes em animais. Deste modo, a utilização destes biomarcadores permite reduzir os custos dos ensaios in vivo, além de proporcionar maior padronização dos experimentos e possibilitar a avaliação da eficiência dos adsorventes em condições de campo.
Palavras chave: AFB1. - Adsorventes Minerais. Biomarcadores de Exposição - AFB1-lisina - AFM1
Abstract
Food contamination by aflatoxins, mainly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is a worldwide concern for human and animal health. A possible way to assess the exposure to these contaminants is through the diet analyses to verify the occurrence of mycotoxins. However, this methodology has important limitations due to the variability of mycotoxins found in the food and the individual differences in the toxicokinetics of the compounds. On the other hand, biomonitoring of aflatoxins in biological fluids using biomarkers generates more reliable information on the exposure to these toxins in individuals. The use of chemical adsorbents in animal feed makes it possible to detoxify mycotoxins without producing toxic effects or altering the nutritional properties. The aim of this study was to revise the available published data on the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of adsorbents for aflatoxins, as well as studies on the use of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and AFB1-lysine as biomarkers to evaluate the reduction in the bioavailability of AFB1 by adsorbents in feed. Relevant articles published in the last 10 years (2009-present) were selected in PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Determination of AFM1 in milk and/or urine, and AFB1-lysine in serum, indicate the individual bioavailability of AFB1 in trials conducted for evaluation of adsorbent’s efficiency in animals. Thus, the use of these biomarkers may reduce the costs of in vivo trials, increase the standardization of experiments, and evaluate the adsorbents’ efficiency under field conditions.
Keywords: Aflatoxin B1 – Clays - Exposure Biomarkers - Aflatoxin B1-lysine Aflatoxin M1.
Referências
ATTIA Y.A. et al. Capability of different non-nutritive feed additives on improving productive and physiological traits of broiler chicks fed diets with or without aflatoxin
during the first 3 weeks of life. J. Anim. Physiol Anim Nutr., n. 97, p. 754-72, 2013.
BINDER E.M. Managing the risk of mycotoxins in modern feed production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., n. 133, p.149-166, 2007.
BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura. Instrução Normativa nº 3 de novembro de 2004. Disponível em <http://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumos-pecuarios/alimentacao-animal/arquivos-alimentacao-animal/legislacao/instrucao-normativa-no-13-de-30-de-novembro-de-2004.pdf/view> Acesso em 9 maio 2018.
CARÃO, A.C.P. Determinação de biomarcadores de aflatoxina B1e aplicabilidade na avaliação de adsorventes em frangos de corte. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, 2016.
CARRARO, A. et al. Clay minerals as adsorbents of afl atoxin M1 from contaminated milk and effects on milk quality. Applied Clay Sci., n. 88-89, p. 92-9, 2014.
CHE Z.Q. et al. The protective effects of different mycotoxin adsorbents against blood and liver pathological changes induced by mold-contaminated feed in broilers. Asian Australas J. Anim. Sci, n. 24, p. 250-257, 2011.
DAKOVIC A. et al. Adsorption of mycotoxins by organozeolites. Colloids Surf B, n. 46, p.20-25, 2005.
DIAZ D.E. et al. Aflatoxin binders II: reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed. Mycopathologia, n. 157, p. 233-241, 2004.
DIAZ, D.; SMITH, T.K. Mycotoxin sequestring agents: practical tools for the neutralisation of mycotoxins. In: DIAZ, D. The mycotoxin blue book. Nottingham: United Kingdom, 2005. p.323-339.
DI GREGORIO, M.C. et al. Mineral adsorbents for prevention of mycotoxins in animal feeds. Toxin Rev., n. 33, p. 125-35, 2014.
DI GREGORIO, M.C. et al. Determination of serum aflatoxin B1-lysine to evaluate the efficacy of an aflatoxin-adsorbing feed additive in pigs fed na aflatoxin B1-contaminated diet. Mycotoxin Res, n. 33, p. 93-102, 2017.
DI NATALE, F.; GALLO, M.; NIGRO, R. Adsorbents selection for aflatoxins removal in bovine milks. J. Food. Eng., n. 95, p. 186-91, 2009.
EDRINGTON, T.S. et al. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), acidic HSCAS, and activated charcoal reduce urinary excretion of aflatoxin M, in turkey poults. Lack of effect by activated charcoal on aflatoxicosis. Toxicol. Letters, n. 89, p. 115-22, 1996.
ESSIGMANN, J.M. et al. Structural identification of the major DNA adduct formed by
aflatoxin B1 in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci., n.74, p.1870-74, 1977.
EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY. Statement on the establishment of guidelines for the assessment of additives from the functional group ‘‘substances for reduction of the contamination of feed by mycotoxins’’. EFSA J n. 8, p. 1-8, 2010.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, n. 81, p. 1728-3263, 2004.
GALLO A.; MASOERO F. In vitro models to evaluate the capacity of different sequestering agents to adsorb aflatoxins. Ital J. Anim. Sci, n. 9, p. 109-16, 2010.
GALVANO, F. et al. Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: a review. J. Food Prot., n. 64, p. 120-31, 2001.
GONÇALEZ, E. et al. Ocorrência de aflatoxina M1 em leite comercializado em alguns municípios do estado de São Paulo. Arq. Inst. Biol., v.72, n.4, p.435-8, 2005.
GONÇALVES, B.L. et al. Effects of different sources of Saccaromyces cerevisae biomass on milk production, composition, and aflatoxin M1 excretion in milk from dairy cows fed aflatoxin B1. J. Dairy Sci., n.11 p.5701-5708, 2017.
HARPER A.F. et al. Assessment of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate agent and antioxidant blend for mitigation of aflatoxin-induced physiological alterations in pigs. J. Swine Health Prod., n.18, p.282-9, 2010.
HATCH, M.C. et al. Urinary aflatoxin levels, hepatitis-B virus infection an hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Int. J. Cancer, n.54, p.931-944, 1993.
HAUSCHILD L. et al. Digestibilidade e metabolismo de dietas de suínos contendo zearalenona com adição de organoaluminossilicato. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., n.42, p.219-224, 2007.
HENDERSON, R.F. et al. The use of biological markers in toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol, n.20, p.65-82, 1989.
HUWIG A. et al. Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicol Lett, n.122, p.179-188, 2001.
IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some naturally occurring substances: Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon: IARC, 1993.
IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon: IARC Press, v. 82, p. 171–274, 2002.
JACKSON P.E.; GROOPMAN J.D. Aflatoxin and liver cancer. Baillière’s Clin Gastroenterol, n. 13, p. 545–55, 1999.
JAGER A.V. et al. Biomarkers of Aflatoxin Exposure and Its Relationship with the Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: GUEVARA-GONZALEZ. Aflatoxins - biochemistry and molecular biology. InTech, 2011. doi: 10.5772/22476. Disponível em: <https://www.intechopen.com/books/aflatoxins-biochemistry-and-molecular-biology/biomarkers-of-aflatoxin-exposure-and-its-relationship-with-the-hepatocellular-carcinoma> Acesso em: 12 abr. 2018.
JAGER, A.V. et al. Determination of urinary biomarkers for assessment of short-term human exposure to aflatoxins in São Paulo, Brazil. Toxins, n.6, p.1996-2007, 2014.
JOLLY, P. et al. Determinants of aflatoxin levels in Ghanaians: Sociodemographic factors,
knowledge of aflatoxin and food handling and consumption practices. Int. J. Hyg. Environm. Health, n. 209, p.345-358, 2006.
JONSYN-ELLIS, F. Seasonal variation in exposure frequency and concentration levels of aflatoxins and ochratoxins in urine samples of boys and girls. Mycopathol., n.152, p.35-40, 2000.
KOLOSOVA A.; STROKA J. Substances for reduction of the contamination of feed by mycotoxins: a review. World Mycotoxin J., n. 4, p. 225-56, 2011.
LI J.; SUO D.; SU X. Binding capacity for aflatoxin B1 by different adsorbents. Agric. Sci. China, n. 9, p. 449-56, 2010.
LIU, Y.L. et al. Effect of three mycotoxin adsorbents on growth performance, nutrient retention and meat quality in broilers fed on mould-contaminated feed. Br Poult Sci, n. 52, p. 255-63, 2011.
LUNA F.J.; SCHUCHARDT U. Argilas pilarizadas: uma introducão. Quim Nova, n. 22, p. 104-9, 1999.
MAGNOLI A.P. et al. Effect of monogastric and ruminant gastrointestinal conditions on in vitro aflatoxin B1 adsorption ability by a montmorillonite. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, n. 30, p. 743-49, 2013.
MANAFI M. Counteracting effect of high grade sodium bentonite during aflatoxicosis in broilers. J. Agric. Sci. Tech., n. 14, p. 539-47, 2012.
MCCOY, L.F. et al. Analysis of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct in serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communic. Mass Spectrometry, n.19, p.2203-2210, 2005.
MOSCHINI M. et al. Mucosal absorption of aflatoxin B1 in lactating dairy cows. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., n. 6, p. 324-26, 2007.
NEEFF D.V. et al. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to bind and reduce aflatoxin residues in tissues of broiler chicks fed aflatoxin B1. Poult Sci., n.92, p.131-137, 2013.
OLIVEIRA, C.A.F. et al. Immunochemical assessment of aflatoxin M1 in milk powder consumed by infants in São Paulo, Brazil. Food Addit Contam, v.14, n.1, p.7-10, 1997.
OLIVEIRA, C.A.F. et al. Aflatoxin B1 residues in eggs of laying hens fed a diet containing different levels of the mycotoxin. Food Addit. Contam., v.17, p.459-462, 2000.
OLIVEIRA, C.A.F. et al. Animal health: mycotoxins. In: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS. Oxford: Elsevier Limited, 2014. p.358-377.
OLIVEIRA, C.A.F.; FERRAZ, J.C.O. Occurence of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized, UHT milk and milk powder from goat origin. Food Control., n.18, p.375-378, 2007.
OLIVEIRA, C.A.; ROSMANINHO, J.; ROSIM, R. Aflatoxin M1 and cyclopiazonic acid in fluid milk traded in São Paulo, Brazil. Food Addit Contam., v.23, n.2, p.196-201, 2006.
PHILLIPS, T.D. Dietary clay in the chemoprevention of aflatoxin induced disease. Toxicol. Sci., n. 52, p.118-126, 1999.
PHILLIPS, T.D. et al. Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, n.25, p.134-145, 2008.
PHILLIPS, T.D.; LEMKE, S.L.; GRANT, P.G. Characterization of Clay-based enterosorbent for the prevention os aflatoxicosis. In: DEVRIES, J. W.; TRUCKSESS, M. W.; JACKSON, L. S. Mycotoxins and food safety. Washington: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002. p.157-179.
PRANDINI A. et al. On the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. Food Chem. Toxicol., n. 47, p. 984-91, 2009.
QUEIROZ O.C.M. et al. Effect of adding a mycotoxin-sequestering agent on milk aflatoxin M1 concentration and the performance and immune response of dairy cattle fed an aflatoxin B1-contaminated diet. J. Dairy Sci., n.95, p.5901-5908, 2012.
RAMOS, A.J.; HERNANDEZ, E. Prevention of aflatoxicosis in farm animals by means of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate addition to feedstuffs: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., n. 65, p.197-206, 1997.
RAWAL, S.; KIM, J.E.; COULOMBE JR., R. Aflatoxin B1 in poultry: Toxicology, metabolism and prevention. Res Veterinary Sci, n.89, p. 325-31, 2010.
RUSTOM, I.Y.S. Aflatoxin in food and feed: Occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chem., n.59, p.57-67, 1997.
SABBIONI G. Chemical and physical properties of the major albumin adduct of aflatoxin B1 and their implications for the quantification in biological samples. Chem Biol. Int., n.75, p.1-15, 1990.
SABINO, M. Micotoxinas em alimentos. In: OGA, S.; CAMARGO, M.M.A.; BATISTUZZO, J.A.O. Fundamentos de toxicologia. São Paulo: Atheneu, 2008. p.609-620.
SHUNDO, L.; SABINO, M. Aflatoxin M1 in milk by immunoaffinity column cleanup with TLC/HPLC determination. Braz J. Microbiol., n.37, p.164-167, 2006.
SHUAIB, F.M.B. et al. Association between birth outcomes and aflatoxin B1 biomarker blood levels in pregnant women in Kumasi, Ghana. Trop Med. Int. Health, n.15, p.160-167, 2010.
SILINS, I; HÖGBERG, J. Combined toxic exposures and human health: biomarkers of exposure and effect. Int. J. Environ Res. Public Health, n.8, p.629-647, 2011.
TANG L. et al. Aflatoxin-albumin adducts and correlation with decreased serum levels of vitamins A and E in an adult Ghanaian population. Food Addit Contam., n. 26, p.108-118, 2009.
TAPIA-SALAZAR M. et al. Mycotoxins in aquaculture: occurrence in feeds components and impact on animal performance. In: CRUZ-SUAREZ, L.E. et al. Avances en Nutrición Acuícola. Monterrey: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2010. p.514-546.
THIEU, N.Q.; PETTERSSON, H. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 and their metabolites in pig urine as biomarkers for mycotoxin exposure. Mycotox Res., v.25, p.59-66, 2009.
TURNER P.C. et al. Aflatoxin exposure in utero causes growth faltering in Gambia infants. Int J. Epidemiol., n.36, p. 1119-125, 2007.
VAN EIJKEREN J.C. H.; BAKKER M.I.; ZEILMAKER M.J.A simple steady-state model for carry-over of aflatoxins from feed to cow’s milk. Food Addit Contam., n. 23, p. 833-838, 2006.
WAN X.L. et al. Toxicity of increasing aflatoxin-B1 concentrations from contamined corn with or without clay adsorbent supplementation in ducklings. Poult Sci., n.92, p.1244-1253, 2013.
WANG J.S. et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and aflatoxin exposure in Zhuqing Village, Fusui County, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent, n.10, p.143-146, 2001.
WANG P. et al. NovaSil clay intervention in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis: II. Reduction in biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure in blood and urine. Food Addit Contam Part A, n.25, p. 622-634, 2008.
WHO - World Health Organization. Biomarkers and risk assessment: concepts and principles. Geneva: WHO, 1993.
XIONG, J.L. et al. Transfer of dietary aflatoxin B1 to milk aflatoxin M1 and effect of inclusion of adsorbent in the diet of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., n. 98, p. 2545-554, 2015.
ZHAO J. et al. Comparison of hydratedsodium calcium aluminosilicate and yeast cell wall on counteracting aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks. Poult Sci, n. 89, p. 2147-156, 2010.
