Dose–Response Relationships of flumioxazin, S-Metolachlor, and the Apresa® Mixture in Vegetables: Implications for Germination and Root Development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2025v29n4p995-1003Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxicity of flumioxazin, S-metolachlor, and their combined formulation (Apresa®) at different concentrations on lettuce (Lactuca sativa), onion (Allium cepa), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Germination and root growth tests were performed using seeds exposed to the field-recommended dose (FD), as well as to dilutions of 1%, 3%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% FD, and at a 300% FD. The different herbicide concentrations identified dose–response relationships, allowing determination of safe thresholds and potential toxic effects. The Apresa® was more toxic than the individual herbicides, particularly to lettuce, with significant reductions in germination at FD (p < 0.01) and at 300% FD (p < 0.001). Cucumber demonstrated greater tolerance, except at 300% FD of S-metolachlor. Phytotoxic responses varied by crop and formulation: lettuce was more sensitive to S-metolachlor, while cucumber and onion were more affected by the Apresa®. Given the economic and nutritional importance of these vegetables and the widespread use of no-till systems and herbicide combinations, rigorous monitoring of residual effects is essential to guide safer agricultural practices.
Keywords: Phytotoxicity. Residual Herbicides. Vegetable Crops.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Natanael Alves da Silva, Susy Ricardo Lemes Pontes, Carlos Filipe Camilo Cotrim, Fábio Santos Matos, Virginia Damin, Luciane Madureira de Almeida
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