Ensaios e Ciência: Ciências Biológicas, Agrárias e da Saúde
Ensaios e Ciência: Ciências Biológicas, Agrárias e da Saúde (ISSN 2178-695X / 1415-6938) is an open-access scientific journal with a continuous publication model. Its mission is to disseminate high-quality technical and scientific knowledge in the fields of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Environmental Sciences, and Biological Sciences. The journal aims to serve as an interdisciplinary platform for the publication of original research, review articles, and applied studies, contributing to the advancement of science and the strengthening of the academic community. It holds a Qualis B1 (four-year period 2021-2024) rating and is indexed in databases such as Google Scholar, LATINDEX, Miguilim, Diadorim, LivRe, AGROBASE, and Capes Journals Portal.
Exuberant Granulation Tissue in Horses: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches – An Integrative Review
Exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) in horses constitutes a frequent complication of second-intention wound healing, especially in wounds located on the distal limbs. This integrative review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the pathophysiology, associated factors, complications, and therapeutic approaches related to EGT in horses. Searches were conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and LILACS databases, considering publications from 2013 to 2025. After title and abstract screening, followed by full-text reading, 27 studies were included, comprising experimental studies, case reports, clinical series, reviews, and histological studies. The findings indicated that EGT is related to local and systemic factors, such as low perfusion, hypoxia, edema, mobility of the affected region, persistent infection, and bacterial biofilm formation, which contribute to the maintenance of chronic inflammation, delayed reepithelialization, and reduced wound contraction. The therapeutic approaches described were predominantly combined, involving wound bed preparation, debridement, excision of exuberant tissue when indicated, infection control, and the use of adjuvant therapies. In conclusion, EGT remains a relevant clinical challenge in horses, highlighting the need for controlled studies and standardized protocols to strengthen therapeutic decision-making. Keywords: Horses. Wound Healing. Skin Wounds. Exuberant Granulation Tissue. Resumo O tecido de granulação exuberante (TGE) em equinos constitui uma complicação frequente da cicatrização por segunda intenção, especialmente em feridas localizadas nos membros distais. Esta revisão integrativa teve como objetivo sintetizar as evidências disponíveis sobre a fisiopatologia, os fatores associados, as complicações e as abordagens terapêuticas relacionadas ao TGE em equinos. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO e LILACS, considerando publicações entre 2013 e 2025. Após triagem por títulos e resumos, seguida da leitura na íntegra, foram incluídos 27 estudos, abrangendo pesquisas experimentais, relatos de caso, séries clínicas, revisões e estudos histológicos. Os achados indicaram que o TGE está relacionado a fatores locais e sistêmicos, como baixa perfusão, hipóxia, edema, mobilidade da região afetada, infecção persistente e formação de biofilmes bacterianos, os quais contribuem para a manutenção da inflamação crônica, atraso da reepitelização e redução da contração da ferida. As abordagens terapêuticas descritas foram predominantemente combinadas, envolvendo preparo do leito da ferida, desbridamento, excisão do tecido exuberante quando indicada, controle de infecção e uso de terapias adjuvantes. Conclui-se que o TGE permanece como desafio clínico relevante em equinos, sendo necessária a realização de estudos controlados e protocolos padronizados para fortalecer a tomada de decisão terapêutica. Palavras-chave: Equinos. Cicatrização de Feridas. Feridas Cutâneas. Tecido de Granulação Exuberante.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cinthia de Sousa Braga Meneses; Edilson Martins Rodrigues Neto, Lúcia Daniel Machado da Silva, João Emanuel Campelo Cardoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical and Bromatological Evaluation of Stockpiled Marandu Grass and Urochloa Hybrids
Pasture stockpiling is an important strategy to reduce forage shortages during the dry season in tropical livestock systems. However, information regarding the physical and bromatological characteristics of recently released Urochloa hybrids under stockpiling management remains limited. Therefore, this study evaluated the grinding resistance and bromatological characteristics of tillers from Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and three Urochloa hybrids (Convert HD 364, Mavuno, and Ipyporã) managed under stockpiling conditions. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four forage grasses and four replications. The stockpiling period lasted from March to June 2021. Samples of forage mass and vegetative and reproductive tillers were collected for bromatological analyses and grinding resistance evaluation. Data were analyzed using Tukey’stest at a 10% significance level. Ipyporã grass showed lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations and a lower proportion of live stem, associated with a greater proportion of live leaf tissues, indicating potentially greater forage digestibility. Mavuno grass presented lower grinding resistance in reproductive tillers, suggesting greater particle fragility and possible advantages related to ruminal passage dynamics and forage intake. The results indicate that Ipyporã and Mavuno grasses exhibit favorable nutritional and physical characteristics under stockpiling management, highlighting their potential use in tropical pasture-based systems. Keywords: Deferred Gazing. Forage Quality. Grinding Resistance. Neutral Tetergent Fiber. Tropical Grasses. Resumo O diferimento de pastagens é uma importante estratégia para reduzir a escassez de forragem durante o período seco em sistemas tropicais de produção animal. Entretanto, ainda são limitadas as informações sobre as características físicas e bromatológicas de híbridos recentemente lançados do gênero Urochloa sob manejo de diferimento. Objetivou-se avaliar a resistência à moagem e as características bromatológicas de perfilhos de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu e de três híbridos de Urochloa (Convert HD 364, Mavuno e Ipyporã) manejados sob diferimento. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro gramíneas forrageiras e quatro repetições. O período de diferimento ocorreu entre março e junho de 2021. Foram coletadas amostras de massa de forragem e de perfilhos vegetativos e reprodutivos para análises bromatológicas e avaliação da resistência à moagem. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 10% de significância. O capim Ipyporã apresentou menores concentrações de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e menor proporção de colmo vivo, associadas à maior proporção de folhas vivas, indicando potencialmente maior digestibilidade da forragem. O capim Mavuno apresentou menor resistência à moagem nos perfilhos reprodutivos, sugerindo maior fragilidade das partículas e possíveis vantagens relacionadas à dinâmica de passagem ruminal e ao consumo de forragem. Os resultados demonstram que os capins Ipyporã e Mavuno apresentam características físicas e nutricionais favoráveis sob manejo de diferimento, destacando seu potencial para utilização em sistemas tropicais de produção a pasto. Palavras-chave: Pasto Diferido. Qualidade da Forragem. Resistência à Moagem. Fibra em Detergente Neutro. Gramíneas Tropicais.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jhonatan Gonçalves Silva, Yuri Cleber Souza Silva, Brenda Nunes de Oliveira, Romario Celso Oliveira Moura Junior, Lais Brito Freitas, Simone Pedro da Silva, Natascha Almeida Marques da Silva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fungicide efficiency in controlling target spot in cotton crops in the Brazilian Cerrado
Foliar diseases, such as target spot, represent a major obstacle to cotton productivity, and inadequate management can favor the emergence of pathogens resistant to the active ingredients used to control them. The objective of this study was evaluate the effects of the application of fungicides based on prothioconazole, tebuconazole, fluxapyroxad, and pyraclostrobin on agronomic performance and disease control in cotton cultivation. A randomized block design with eight treatments and four replicates was used. Assessments were made of disease severity, phytotoxicity, percentage of defoliation, green leaf area, area under the disease progression curve, relative increase, and yield. No phytotoxicity was observed at the tested doses. Twenty-one days after the third application, there was a substantial increase in target spot severity in the control, with severity above 42.46%. Fungicide use was effective, with control ranging from 44.12% to 8.24%. There was a significant difference between treatments for the yield variable, with the Prothioconazole + Tebuconazole treatment, at a dose of 1 L ha-1, showing the greatest relative increase in yield. The treatments were effective in reducing target spot disease compared to the control, with severity ranging from 44.12% to 68.24%. It is concluded that the use of Prothioconazole + Tebuconazole (1.0 L ha-1) achieves better performance for the cotton crop, with a yield of 4.95 tons ha-1 and a relative yield increase of 22.01%, in addition to lower severity values and greater control efficiency, constituting an alternative for target spot control. Keywords: Corynespora cassiicola. Fluxapyroxad. Prothioconazole. Pyraclostrobin. Tebuconazole. Resumo As doenças foliares, como a mancha-alvo, representam um dos principais entraves à produtividade da cultura do algodoeiro e o manejo inadequado dessas, pode favorecer o surgimento de patógenos resistentes aos princípios ativos utilizados em seus controles. Objetivou-se assim, avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de fungicidas à base de Protioconazol, Tebuconazol, Fluxapiroxade e Piraclostrobina sobre o desempenho agronômico e o controle de doenças na cultura do algodoeiro. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Foram realizadas avaliações de severidade, fitotoxicidade, porcentagem de desfolha, área de folha verde, área abaixo da curva de progressão da doença; incremento relativo e produtividade. Não foi observado a presença de fitotoxicidade nas doses testadas. Aos 21 dias após a terceira aplicação houve aumento substancial da mancha alvo na testemunha, com severidade acima de 42,46%, onde o uso de fungicidas foi eficiente, com controle de 44,12% a 8,24%. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para a variável de produtividade, com destaque para o tratamento Prothioconazole + Tebuconazole, na dose de 1 L ha-1, o qual obteve o maior incremento relativo de produtividade. Os tratamentos foram efetivos na redução de mancha-alvo em relação a testemunha com controle variando de 44,12% a 68,24% para severidade. Conclui-se que com o uso de Prothioconazole + Tebuconazole (1,0 L ha-1) obtém melhor desempenho para a cultura do algodoeiro, com produtividade de 4,95 ton ha-1 e incremento relativo de produtividade de 22,01%, além de menores valores de severidade e maior eficiência de controle, sendo uma alternativa para o controle de mancha-alvo. Palavras-chave: Corynespora cassiicola. Fluxapiroxade. Prothioconazole. Piraclostrobina. Tebuconazole.
Roberto Antonio Savelli Martinez Martinez
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcus Vinicius Gonçalves Lima, José Victor Ramos Almeida, Roberto Antonio Savelli Martinez Martinez, Ronicely Pereira da Rocha, Adalberto Santi, Marcio Osvaldo Lima Magalhães, Rivanildo Dallacort https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agronomic Efficiency of Co-Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas Fluorescens in Corn and Soybean Under Reduced Phosphate Fertilization
The low availability of phosphorus (P) in tropical soils, resulting from fixation by iron and aluminum oxides, constitutes a major limiting factor for soybean and corn productivity. Plant growth-promoting bacteria represent a promising strategy to enhance nutrient use efficiency in cropping systems. This study evaluated the agronomic efficiency of co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens under a 25% reduction in phosphate fertilization for soybean and corn crops. Field experiments were conducted during the 2019/2020 growing season at four locations in Southern Brazil, using a randomized complete block design. Three treatments without inoculation were applied with 0%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended P₂O₅ dose (P0-NI, P75-NI, and P100-NI, respectively), one with inoculation of the commercial product BiomaPhos® and 75% P₂O₅ (P75-BiomaPhos), and one with co-inoculation of A. brasilense and P. fluorescens and 75% P₂O₅ (P75-Biofree). P75-Biofree maintained grain yields for both soybean (4,250 kg ha⁻¹) and corn (14,013 kg ha⁻¹) at levels statistically equivalent to the full phosphate fertilization treatment (P100-NI), while exceeding the absolute control (P0-NI) by 10.4% and 11.5%, respectively. The yield gains were primarily attributed to improved grain filling in soybean and increased kernel number per ear in corn, without significantly altering tissue phosphorus concentrations. This pattern indicates enhanced internal phosphorus use efficiency mediated by bacterial inoculation. We conclude that co-inoculation with A. brasilense and P. fluorescens represents an effective agricultural technology, enabling a 25% reduction in mineral phosphate fertilizer application without compromising grain yield, thereby promoting more sustainable and economically viable agricultural systems. Keywords: Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria. Phosphorus Use Efficiency. Sustainable Intensification. Nutrient Management. Tropical Soils. Resumo A baixa disponibilidade de fósforo (P) em solos tropicais, devido à sua fixação por óxidos de ferro e alumínio, limita a produtividade de soja e milho. Bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas representam uma estratégia para aumentar a eficiência do uso de nutrientes. Este estudo avaliou a eficiência agronômica da co-inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e Pseudomonas fluorescens sob redução de 25% na adubação fosfatada para as culturas de soja e milho. Experimentos de campo foram conduzidos na safra 2019/2020 em quatro locais no Sul do Brasil, em delineamento de blocos casualizados. Foram aplicados três tratamentos sem inoculação com 0%, 75% e 100% da dose recomendada de P₂O₅ (P0-NI, P75-NI e P100-NI, respectivamente), um com inoculação do produto comercial BiomaPhos® e 75% de P₂O₅ (P75-BiomaPhos), e um com co-inoculação de A. brasilense e P. fluorescens e 75% de P₂O₅ (P75-Biofree). P75-Biofree manteve a produtividade de grãos de soja (4.250 kg ha⁻¹) e milho (14.013 kg ha⁻¹) estatisticamente iguais ao tratamento com 100% de P (P100-NI), superando a testemunha absoluta (P0-NI) em 10,4% e 11,5%, respectivamente. Os ganhos de produtividade foram atribuídos principalmente ao enchimento de grãos na soja e ao maior número de grãos por espiga no milho, sem alterar significativamente as concentrações de P nos tecidos, indicando maior eficiência interna de uso de P. Conclui-se que a co-inoculação com A. brasilense e P. fluorescens é uma tecnologia eficaz, permitindo uma redução de 25% no fertilizante fosfatado mineral sem comprometer o rendimento, promovendo assim um sistema agrícola mais sustentável e econômico. Palavras-chave: Bactérias Promotoras de Crescimento de Plantas. Eficiência no Uso de Fósforo. Intensificação Sustentável. Manejo de Nutrientes. Solos Tropicais.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Flávia Neri de Almeida, Edenilson Meyer, Luís Fernando Maranho Watanabe, Admir José Giachini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance of Quizalofop-p-ethyl on Goosegrass Control in Soybean Crop
The goosegrass (Eleusine indica) management represents a significant yield constraint for soybean, particularly in the Matopiba region, where are scarce studies addressing alternatives to glyphosate, such as quizalofop-p-ethyl. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the control and selectivity of quizalofop-p-ethyl doses on goosegrass, applied alone and combined to glyphosate in the soybean post-emergence. The study was conducted in Mata Roma, Maranhão, Brazil, from January to April 2024, using a randomized block design in factorial arrangement 5×2, and four replications. The first factor consisted in quizalofop-p-ethyl doses (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g a.i. ha⁻¹), while the second factor included the absence and presence of glyphosate (864 g e.a. ha⁻¹). The spraying was carried out at the V5 stage of soybean. We evaluated to goosegrass control, as well as soybean population, height, total chlorophyll index, vegetation index (NDVI), and soybean yield. The results of this study support the hypothesis of the existence of glyphosate-resistant goosegrass (EPSPS-inhibiting herbicide), with estimated soybean yield losses of up to 48%. The use of the herbicide quizalofop-p-ethyl demonstrated high selectivity for soybean, causing no phytotoxicity symptoms across different doses and combinations. The use of 50 to 75 g a.i. ha⁻¹ of quizalofop-p-ethyl, applied alone or in combination with glyphosate (864 g e.a. ha⁻¹), is recommended as a safe option for post-emergence chemical control of goosegrass. Keywords: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Glycinemax (L.) Merril. Glyphosate. Herbicide Resistance. Selectivity. Resumo O controle de capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica) é uma relevante lacuna de produtividade da soja, em virtude da ótima adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras e do histórico de resistência a herbicidas, como o glifosato. Porém, são escassos estudos que abordam o uso de quizalofop-p-etil para o controle desta espécie em solos arenosos, na fronteira agrícola do Matopiba. Objetivou-se avaliar o controle e seletividade de doses crescentes de quizalofop-p-etil, isolado e combinado com glifosato, sobre o capim pé-de-galinha, em pós-emergência da soja. O estudo foi realizado numa lavoura comercial, situada em Mata Roma, Maranhão, Brasil, entre os meses de janeiro e abril de 2024. O experimento foi delineado em blocos casualizados, sob arranjo fatorial 5x2 e quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu em doses de quizalofop-p-etil (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 g i.a. ha-1), ao passo que o segundo, abrangeu a ausência e presença de glifosato (864 g e.a. ha-1), ambos aplicados no estádio V4 da soja. Avaliaram-se o controle de capim pé-de-galinha, bem como, a população, altura, índice de clorofila total, índice de vegetação (NDVI) e produtividade da soja. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam a presença de populações de capim pé-de-galinha resistentes ao glifosato no estado do Maranhão, as quais apresentam níveis de controle escasso e ocasionam relevantes perdas de produtividade, estimadas em até 48%. O uso do herbicida quizalofop-p-etíl foi altamente seletivo à soja (cv. BMX Dominio IPRO), isolado ou combinado com glifosato. Recomenda-se o uso de 50 a 75 g i.a. ha⁻¹ de quizalofop-p-etíl, isolado ou combinado com glifosato (864 g e.a. ha-1), para o eficiente controle de capim pé-de-galinha, em pós-emergência da soja. Palavras-chave: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Glycine Max (L.) Merril. Glifosato. Resistência a Herbicida. Seletividade.
Paulo Alexandre Fernandes Rodrigues d Melo
Copyright (c) 2026 Jardel Carvalho, Edmilson Igor Bernardo Almeida, Martiliana Mayani Freire, Andreza Maciel de Sousa, Lourrana Rhavenna Diogo Silva, Francisco Ernaldo da Silva Costa, Paulo Alexandre Fernandes Rodrigues d Melo, Washington da Silva Sousa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preparation and Characterization of Artisanal Jackfruit Vinegars with Different Sugar Concentrations
The growing interest in natural, functional products obtained through sustainable processes has driven the valorization of fermented foods, including vinegar. This study highlights jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), a fruit rich in sugars and bioactive compounds, as a promising raw material for vinegar production. The objective was to develop and characterize artisanal jackfruit vinegars by evaluating different sugar concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) regarding fermentation efficiency and final product quality. The process included alcoholic fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and acetic fermentation with Acetobacter sp., in addition to physicochemical analyses. Parameters such as pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and color were evaluated. Sugar concentration significantly affected all evaluated parameters (p < 0.05). The pH decreased from 2.62 (0% and 5%) to 2.19 at 15%, with a slight increase to 2.15 at 20%. Titratable acidity increased progressively, meeting Brazilian regulatory standards. Soluble solids ranged from 3.73 to 6.27 °Brix, while alcohol content varied between 9.10% and 14.67% during fermentation. The 15% sugar concentration provided a balance between acidity (4.74 g·100 mL⁻¹), pH (2.19), and soluble solids (5.73 °Brix), indicating optimal fermentation performance. Higher sugar levels (20%) reduced fermentation efficiency due to high osmotic pressure. These results confirm the feasibility of producing artisanal jackfruit vinegar, promoting the valorization of underutilized fruits and the diversification of the fermented food industry. The optimal sugar concentration ensures a balance between process efficiency and product quality, contributing to sustainability and technological innovation in food production. Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus. Biotechnology. Acetic Fermentation. Technological Innovation. Agricultural Sustainability. Resumo O crescente interesse por produtos naturais, funcionais e obtidos por processos sustentáveis tem impulsionado a valorização de alimentos fermentados, entre eles o vinagre. Este estudo traz destaque para a jaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), fruta rica em açúcares e compostos bioativos, como matéria-prima promissora para produção de vinagre. O objetivo foi desenvolver e caracterizar vinagres artesanais de jaca, avaliando-se diferentes concentrações de açúcar (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%) sobre a eficiência fermentativa e a qualidade do produto final. O processo incluiu fermentação alcoólica com Saccharomyces cerevisiae e acética com Acetobacter sp., além de análises físico-químicas. Parâmetros como pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e cor foram avaliados. A concentração de açúcar afetou significativamente todos os parâmetros avaliados (p < 0,05). O pH diminuiu de 2,62 (0% e 5%) para 2,19 em 15%, com um leve aumento para 2,15 em 20%. A acidez titulável aumentou progressivamente, atendendo aos padrões regulamentares brasileiros. Os sólidos solúveis variaram de 3,73 a 6,27 °Brix, enquanto o teor alcoólico variou entre 9,10% e 14,67% durante a fermentação. A concentração de açúcar de 15% proporcionou um equilíbrio entre acidez (4,74 g·100 mL⁻¹), pH (2,19) e sólidos solúveis (5,73 °Brix), indicando desempenho ótimo da fermentação. Níveis mais altos de açúcar (20%) reduziram a eficiência fermentativa devido à alta pressão osmótica. Esses resultados confirmam a viabilidade da produção de vinagre artesanal de jaca, promovendo a valorização de frutas subutilizadas e a diversificação da indústria de alimentos fermentados. A concentração ideal garante um equilíbrio entre eficiência do processo e qualidade do produto, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade e inovação tecnológica na produção de alimentos. Palavras-chave: Artocarpus heterophyllus. Biotecnologia. Fermentação Acética. Inovação Tecnológica. Sustentabilidade Agrícola.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edineide Ferreira Matos da Silva, Marcone Matos de Oliveira, Bruno Emanuel Souza Coelho, Luany Caroline do Nascimento Carvalho, Ana Carolina Dias Braga, Acácio Figueiredo Neto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rhizobacteria with Emphasis on Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Phosphorus Solubilization in Alfalfa Crops
The alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in addition to promoting cultivation diversification and generating jobs in the pioneer north of Paraná-Brazil, stands out in animal feed due to its qualitative and agronomic characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of rhizobacteria in post emergence in the management of alfalfa crop irrigated by sprinklers. The rhizobacteria were covered in alfalfa crops. Commercial products based on Pseudomonas fluorescens (isolated CCTB03) + Azospirillum brasilense (isolated AbV6), Bacillus megaterium (isolated BRM 119) + Bacillus subtilis (isolated BRM 2084) and Sinorhizobium meliloti (isolated SEMIA 134 e SEMIA 135) were applied. The cultivation area was irrigated for two hours before application and four hours after application. Seven cuts of alfalfa were performed every 39 to 41 days. Before each cut, the height of 20 plants per plot was measured on the first leaf below flowering. The leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter (DM) total area considered (m2) were evaluated. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with 8 treatments and 3 repetitions, totaling 24 plots. The application of rhizobacteria in coverage showed significant differences in alfalfa crops. Dry matter yield increased 28.15% per cut, above the control. To facilitate the implementation of management for rural producers, the results propose post-emergence applications in alfalfa crops. Keywords: Forage Legume. Alfalfa Productivity. Microrganisms. Resumo A alfafa (Medicago sativa) além de promover a diversificação de culturas e gerar empregos no norte pioneiro do Paraná-Brasil, se destaca na alimentação animal devido suas características qualitativas e agronômicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de rizobactérias em pós emergência no manejo da cultura de alfafa irrigada por aspersores. As rizobactérias foram aplicadas em cobertura na cultura de alfafa. Foram aplicados os produtos Pseudomonas fluorescens (isolado CCTB03) + Azospirillum brasilense (isolado AbV6), Bacillus megaterium (isolado BRM 119) + Bacillus subtilis (isolado BRM 2084) e Sinorhizobium meliloti (isolados SEMIA 134 e SEMIA 135). A área de cultivo foi irrigada por duas horas antes da aplicação e quatro horas após a aplicação. Foram realizados sete cortes da alfafa a cada 39 a 41 dias. Antes de cada corte mensurou-se a altura de 20 plantas por parcela na primeira folha abaixo da floração. Avaliou-se o índice de área foliar (IAF) e matéria seca (MS) área total considerada (m2). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com 8 tratamentos e 3 repetições, totalizando 24 parcelas. A aplicação das rizobactérias em cobertura demonstraram diferenças significativas na cultura da alfafa. A produtividade de matéria seca aumentou 28,15% por corte, acima do controle. Para facilitar a implantação do manejo para os produtores rurais os resultados propõem as aplicações em pós emergência na cultura de alfafa. Palavras-chave: Forrageira Leguminosa. Produtividade da Alfafa. Microrganismos.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erich dos Reis Duarte, Aline Vanessa Sauer, Eduardo Lopes Cancellier, Rodrigo Foltran, Cristiano Reschke Lajús, Éttore Guilherme Poletto Diel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air and Water in Laboratory Environments at the State University of Maringá
The microbiological quality of air and water in laboratory environments is essential for biosafety, occupational health, and the reliability of analytical results. The increasing use of air-conditioned environments favors the dispersion of microbiological contaminants, especially fungi and bacteria, in addition to enhancing risks associated with water used in laboratories. This study aimed to evaluate, in an integrated manner, the microbiological quality of conditioned air and water in laboratories located in blocks: I90, J90, K10, and T20, belonging to the Departments of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine and Basic Health Sciences at the State University of Maringá. Air sampling was performed using the impaction method, with population quantification of bacteria and fungi, followed by morphological analysis and Gram staining for bacterial classification. Water samples were analyzed using the chromogenic substrate method for the detection of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli, with subsequent biochemical identification of isolates positive for TC. The results indicated that airborne bacterial counts remained within regulatory limits, while most environments showed fungal growth above the maximum recommended value (≤ 750 CFU/m³), with confluent growth. A predominance of Gram-positive cocci was observed in the air, followed by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacilli. In the microbiological analysis of water, two samples showed contamination by total coliforms, with the identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia liquefaciens. The results highlight the need for preventive maintenance of air-conditioning systems and periodic water monitoring, thereby establishing the continuous adoption of biosafety measures in laboratory environments. Keywords: Microorganisms. Microbiological Analysis. Quality Control. Air-conditioned Environment. Resumo A qualidade microbiológica do ar e da água em ambientes laboratoriais é essencial para a biossegurança, saúde ocupacional e confiabilidade dos resultados analíticos. O uso crescente de ambientes climatizados favorece a dispersão de contaminantes microbiológicos, especialmente fungos e bactérias, além de potencializar riscos associados à água utilizada em laboratórios. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, de forma integrada, a qualidade microbiológica do ar climatizado e da água em laboratórios dos blocos I90, J90, K10 e T20, pertencentes aos Departamentos de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina e de Ciências Básicas da Saúde da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. A amostragem do ar foi realizada pelo método de impactação, com quantificação populacional de bactérias e fungos, seguida da análise morfológica e coloração de Gram para classificação bacteriana. As amostras de água foram analisadas pelo método do substrato cromogênico para detecção de coliformes totais (CT) e Escherichia coli, com posterior identificação bioquímica dos isolados positivos para CT. Os resultados indicaram que as contagens bacterianas do ar permaneceram dentro dos limites normativos, enquanto a maioria dos ambientes apresentou crescimento fúngico acima do valor máximo recomendado (≤ 750 UFC/m³), com crescimento confluente. Observou-se predominância de cocos Gram-positivos no ar, seguidos por bacilos Gram-negativos e Gram-positivos. Nas análises microbiológicas da água, verificou-se que duas das amostras apresentaram contaminação por CT, sendo identificadas as bactérias Klebsiella pneumoniae e Serratia liquefaciens. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de manutenção preventiva dos sistemas de climatização e do monitoramento periódico da água, estabelecendo, portanto, a adoção contínua de medidas de biossegurança em ambientes laboratoriais. Palavras-chave: Microrganismos. Análise Microbiológica. Controle de Qualidade. Ambiente Climatizado.
Copyright (c) 2026 Etyene Maria Moreira Custódio, Emilly Brito Ferreira, Jean Lopes da Silva, Benício Alves de Abreu Filho, Fabrícia Gimenes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance of pre-Emergent Herbicides in Soybean Under Contrasting Physiographic Conditions in the MATOPIBA Region, Brazil
Soybean crop has been produced in the Matopiba region, Brazil, mainly in two physiographic conditions: lowland and plateau. These different characteristics probably include variations in the weed diversity, soil properties, and herbicides performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the performance of pre-emergent herbicides under different physiographic (lowland and plateau) in a soybean system. Two experiments were conducted during the rainy season, between January and April 2021, in commercial soybean fields located on Brejo and Mata Roma, Maranhão, Brazil. These experiments were installed in a randomized complete block design, white nine treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted in diclosulam, flumioxazine, imazethapyr, S-metolacloro, diclosulam + imazetapir, flumioxazine + imazethapyr, S-metolacloro + imazethapyr, and clomazone + carfentrazone, and no-treated herbicide. We evaluated the weed diversity, weed control and phytotoxicity ratings. Statistical analyses were realized for continuous, using the traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach, with evaluation of the significance of effects using the F test (p < 0,05). We observed in the lowland (experiment 1) a higher weed diversity (+23%) and higher soil organic matter content (+40%), along with lower herbicides performance compared to the plateau physiograph (experiment 2). These findings indicate that soil physiography should be considered when selecting pre-emergent herbicide strategies for soybean systems in the MATOPIBA region. All treatments were selective to soybeans at the dosages and conditions tested. However, flumioxazin + imazethapyr was the most effective treatment. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merril. Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds. Lowland. Plateau. Weed Seed Bank Dynamic. Resumo A soja tem sido produzida, principalmente em duas condições fisiográficas, na região de Matopiba, Brasil: baixão e chapada. Essas diferentes características provavelmente incluem variações na diversidade de plantas daninhas, propriedades do solo e desempenho dos herbicidas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o desempenho de herbicidas pré-emergentes em diferentes condições fisiográficas (baixão e chapada), em um lavouras de soja. Dois experimentos foram realizados durante a estação chuvosa, entre janeiro e abril de 2021, em campos comerciais de soja localizados em Brejo e Mata Roma, Maranhão, Brasil. Esses experimentos foram instalados em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em diclosulam, flumioxazina, imazetapir, S-metolacloro, diclosulam + imazetapir, flumioxazina + imazetapir, S-metolacloro + imazetapir, clomazona + carfentrazona e a testemunha (sem herbicida). Avaliou-se a diversidade e o controle de plantas daninhas, e a fitotoxicidade. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas para dados contínuos, utilizando a abordagem tradicional de análise de variância (ANOVA), com avaliação da significância dos efeitos utilizando o teste F (p < 0,05). Observou-se no baixão (experimento 1) uma maior diversidade de plantas daninhas (+23%) e maior teor de matéria orgânica do solo (+40%), ocasionando um menor desempenho dos herbicidas pré-emergentes. Esses resultados indicam que a fisiografia do solo deve ser considerada na seleção de estratégias de herbicidas pré-emergentes para sistemas de soja na região do MATOPIBA. Todos os tratamentos foram seletivos para a soja nas dosagens e condições testadas, no entanto, o tratamento mais eficaz foi flumioxazina + imazetapir. Palavras-chave: Glycine max (L.) Merril. Baixão. Chapada. Dinâmica do Banco de Sementes. Plantas Daninhas Resistentes ao Glifosato.
Paulo Alexandre Fernandes Rodrigues de Melo
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcelo de Sousa da Silva, Edmilson Igor Bernardo Almeida, Andreza Maciel de Sousa, Lourrana Rhavenna Diogo Silva , Mateus Matos da Silva, Antonio Gabriel da Costa Ferreira , Paulo Alexandre Fernandes Rodrigues de Melo, Washington da Silva Sousa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermal Processing Strategies Enhance the Safety and Quality of Whole-Grain Pearl Millet Flour
Pearl millet grains harvested in the field undergo physical cleaning to remove extraneous materials and impurities; however, these processes do not avoid microbiological contamination. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cooking, extrusion, and roasting of whole-grain pearl millet flours on the reduction of microbial contamination, color and water absorption capacity. Thermal processes significantly reduced contamination across all treated samples, with raw flour showing the highest contamination (up to 6.19 log10 for enterobacteria). In contrast, extruded, roasted, and pre-cooked flours had lower contamination levels (ranging from 1.00 to 2.1 log10). No Salmonella was detected, and E. coli and Bacillus cereus were within safe limits. Pre-cooking led to significant darkening, while extrusion preserved brightness. Furthermore, the water absorption index was notably higher (4.12 g/g) in extruded flour, suggesting improved functionality for hydration-demanding applications. In contrast, roasted flour exhibited the lowest water absorption capacity (2.08 g/g), indicating application in products with dry texture. The thermal processing improves the microbiological safety of whole-grain pearl millet flour, making it a safe option for the cereal processing industry. Keywords: Food Contamination. Food Industry. Food Safety. Technological Properties. Whole-Grain Cereal. Resumo Os grãos de milheto coletados no campo passam por limpeza física para remover materiais estranhos e impurezas; entretanto, esses processos não evitam a contaminação microbiológica. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do cozimento, extrusão e torrefação de farinha de milheto integral na redução da contaminação microbiana, na cor e na capacidade de absorção de água. Os processos térmicos reduziram significativamente a contaminação em todas as amostras tratadas, com a farinha crua apresentando maior contaminação (até 6,19 log10 para enterobactérias). Em contraste, as farinhas extrudadas, tostadas e pré-cozidas tiveram níveis de contaminação menores (variando de 1,00 a 2,1 log10). Salmonella não foi detectada e E. coli e Bacillus cereus estavam dentro dos limites seguros. O pré-cozimento levou a um escurecimento significativo, enquanto a extrusão preservou a luminosidade. Além disso, o índice de absorção de água foi mais alto (4,12 g/g) na farinha extrudada, sugerindo uma funcionalidade melhorada para aplicações que demandam hidratação. Em contraste, a farinha tostada exibiu a menor capacidade de absorção de água (2,08 g/g), indicando aplicações em produtos com textura seca. O processamento térmico melhora a segurança microbiológica da farinha de milheto integral, tornando-a uma opção segura para a indústria de processamento de cereais. Palavras-chave: Cereal Integral. Contaminação de Alimentos. Indústria de Alimentos. Propriedades Tecnológicas. Segurança de Alimentos.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isabella Maciel Costa, Cosme Damião Cosme Damião, Bruna Maria Salotti de Souza, Carlos Wanderlei Piler de Carvalho, Felipe Machado Trombete , Camila Argenta Fante https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Water and Antimicrobial Resistance of Aeromonas spp. in a Nile Tilapia Farming System in a Reservoir and an Excavated Pond
This study comparatively evaluated the microbiological water quality in two aquaculture environments: a net-cage system installed in the Pedra do Cavalo Reservoir (Paraguaçu River, Bahia) and an associated excavated pond used for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production. Samples were collected over a 12-month period at bimonthly intervals, totaling 27 samples from the river (P1–P3) and pond (P4) sites. Counts of mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms, Enterococcus, and Aeromonas were performed, along with antimicrobial resistance and virulence analyses of Aeromonas isolates. No significant differences were observed for mesophilic bacteria and Enterococcus among sampling points (p > 0.05), whereas total and thermotolerant coliforms were significantly higher in the pond (p < 0.05), indicating greater fecal contamination in this environment. Aeromonas species were detected in 33.3% of the samples, with A. schubertii, A. hydrophila, and A. sobria identified. Among the 12 confirmed isolates, 91.7% exhibited multidrug resistance, with MAR indices ranging from 0.62 to 1.00. Enzymatic activities associated with virulence, including amylase (41.67%; 5/12), lipase (41.67%; 5/12), and caseinase (41.67%; 5/12), were observed. These findings indicate that, although microbiological parameters were generally within regulatory limits, aquaculture environments, particularly pond systems, may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant and potentially pathogenic bacteria. The results highlight the influence of environmental conditions and anthropogenic factors on microbial dynamics and reinforce the need for continuous monitoring and improved management practices in aquaculture systems. Keywords: Coliforms. Net-Pen. Antimicrobial Resistance. Aeromonas hydrophila. Resumo Este estudo comparou a qualidade microbiológica da água em dois ambientes aquícolas: um sistema de cultivo em tanques-rede instalado no Reservatório de Pedra do Cavalo (Rio Paraguaçu, Bahia) e um viveiro escavado associado à produção de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). As amostras foram coletadas ao longo de 12 meses, em intervalos bimestrais, totalizando 27 amostras provenientes dos pontos no rio (P1–P3) e do viveiro (P4). Foram realizadas contagens de bactérias heterotróficas mesófilas, coliformes, Enterococcus e Aeromonas, além da análise de resistência antimicrobiana e de fatores de virulência dos isolados de Aeromonas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) entre os pontos amostrais para bactérias mesófilas e Enterococcus, enquanto coliformes totais e termotolerantes apresentaram valores significativamente maiores no viveiro (p < 0,05), indicando maior contaminação fecal nesse ambiente. Espécies de Aeromonas foram detectadas em 33,3% das amostras, com identificação de A. schubertii, A. hydrophila e A. sobria. Entre os 12 isolados confirmados, 91,7% apresentaram perfil de multirresistência, com índice MAR variando de 0,62 a 1,00. Atividades enzimáticas associadas à virulência, como amilase (41,67%; 5/12), lipase (41,67%; 5/12) e caseinase (41,67%; 5/12), também foram observadas. Os resultados indicam que, embora os parâmetros microbiológicos estejam, em geral, dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação, os ambientes aquícolas, especialmente os viveiros escavados, podem atuar como reservatórios de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas e resistentes a antimicrobianos. Esses achados reforçam a influência das condições ambientais e de fatores antrópicos na dinâmica microbiana e destacam a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo e de práticas de manejo mais sustentáveis na aquicultura. Palavras-chave: Coliformes. Tanque-Rede. Resistência Antimicrobiana. Aeromonas hydrophila.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norma Suely Evangelista-Barreto, Jailma Conceição Santos , Milena Gabriel Ribeiro , Márcia Araujo Jesus, Clarita Silveira Reis, Mile Ane Larissa Costa Muricy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Competency Profile of Women Managers in Family Agro-Industries in Mato Grosso do Sul
Women have played a fundamental role in Brazilian agribusiness, particularly in family-run agro-industries, where they assume central responsibilities in both production and management. This study aimed to understand the competencies that shape the professional profile of women managers in family agro-industries in Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as the management practices they adopt. A qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach was employed, based on ten semi-structured interviews conducted between February and March 2025 through in-person meetings, video calls, and voice calls. Participants were selected through contacts at fairs and events, as well as by snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. The analysis followed the principles of Grounded Theory, using open and axial coding supported by ATLAS.ti software. The findings indicate a collaborative and adaptive management style, grounded in the division of responsibilities and intergenerational involvement. The results highlight the importance of training offered by public institutions, traditional knowledge, practical experience, support networks, and self-directed learning. The managers demonstrate competencies such as entrepreneurship, strategic vision, assertive communication, leadership, resilience, networking, innovation, ethics, people management, and emotional intelligence, which together form a multifaceted profile aligned with family and production dynamics. Keywords: Women Managers. Family Agro-Industries. Competency Profile. Family Farming. Sustainable Development. Resumo As mulheres têm tido papel fundamental no agronegócio brasileiro, sobretudo nas agroindústrias familiares, nas quais elas assumem funções centrais tanto na produção quanto na gestão. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as competências que compõem o perfil profissional de mulheres gestoras de agroindústrias familiares em Mato Grosso do Sul, bem como as práticas de gestão adotadas por elas. Adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com dez entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas entre fevereiro e março de 2025 por meio de encontros presenciais, videochamadas e ligações de voz. As participantes foram selecionadas por contatos em feiras e eventos, bem como por amostragem em bola de neve até a saturação teórica. A análise seguiu os princípios da Teoria Fundamentada em Dados (Grounded Theory), com codificação aberta e axial, apoiada pelo software ATLAS.ti. Os resultados indicam uma gestão colaborativa e adaptativa, baseada na divisão de responsabilidades e no envolvimento intergeracional. Evidencia-se a importância das capacitações por instituições públicas, dos saberes tradicionais, das experiências práticas, das redes de apoio e da autoformação. As gestoras demonstram competências como empreendedorismo, visão estratégica, comunicação assertiva, liderança, resiliência, articulação, inovação, ética, gestão de pessoas e inteligência emocional, compondo um perfil multifacetado e alinhado às dinâmicas familiares e produtivas. Palavras-chave: Mulheres Gestoras. Agroindústrias Familiares. Perfil de competências. Agricultura Familiar. Desenvolvimento Sustentável.
Copyright (c) 2026 Larissa dos Santos Barros Tsuji, Erlaine Binotto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of Tradescantia pallida for Genotoxic Evaluation of Water from a Lagoon in an Ecological Park in the Interior of Ceará
Water quality is a determining factor for public health and the maintenance of ecosystems, especially in urban areas where anthropogenic pressure intensifies environmental degradation processes. In the municipality of Juazeiro do Norte (CE), the Lagoa dos Macacos, located in the Timbaúbas Ecological Park, has a history of environmental impacts related to irregular occupation and effluent discharge, highlighting the need for assessments that go beyond traditional physicochemical analyses. In this context, the use of bioindicators emerges as an efficient alternative for detecting compounds capable of causing genetic damage. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze evidence of genotoxicity in the water of the aforementioned lagoon using the Trad-MCN bioassay. This is an experimental, exploratory, and quantitative study, conducted in a laboratory, in which samples collected at two points in the lagoon were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and subsequently used to expose plants. The frequency of micronuclei was used as an indicator of chromosomal damage. The results showed a significant difference only between the negative and positive controls, confirming the sensitivity of the bioassay, while the environmental samples did not show statistically significant differences compared to the negative control. These findings highlight the importance of biological monitoring as a complementary tool in water quality assessment and reinforce the need for future investigations that integrate biomarkers and chemical analyses for a better understanding of contaminant dynamics in the studied ecosystem. Keywords: Water Quality. Genotoxicity. Bioindicators. Timbaúbas Park. Resumo A qualidade da água é um fator determinante para a saúde pública e para a manutenção dos ecossistemas, especialmente em áreas urbanas onde a pressão antrópica intensifica os processos de degradação ambiental. No município de Juazeiro do Norte (CE), a Lagoa dos Macacos, localizada no Parque Ecológico das Timbaúbas, apresenta histórico de impactos ambientais relacionados à ocupação irregular e ao lançamento de efluentes, evidenciando a necessidade de avaliações que ultrapassem análises físico-químicas tradicionais. Nesse contexto, o uso de bioindicadores surge como alternativa eficiente para a detecção de compostos capazes de provocar danos genéticos. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar indícios de genotoxicidade na água da referida lagoa por meio do bioensaio Trad-MCN. Trata-se de um estudo experimental, exploratório e quantitativo, conduzido em laboratório, no qual amostras coletadas em dois pontos da lagoa foram analisadas quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos e posteriormente empregadas na exposição das plantas. A frequência de micronúcleos foi utilizada como indicador de danos cromossômicos. Os resultados evidenciaram diferença significativa apenas entre o controle negativo e o controle positivo, confirmando a sensibilidade do bioensaio, enquanto as amostras ambientais não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação ao controle negativo. Esses achados destacam a importância do monitoramento biológico como ferramenta complementar na avaliação da qualidade da água e reforçam a necessidade de investigações futuras que integrem biomarcadores e análises químicas para melhor compreensão da dinâmica de contaminantes no ecossistema estudado. Palavras-chave: Qualidade da Água. Genotoxicidade. Bioindicadores. Parque das Timbaúbas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karollina Soares Loiola, Jeferson Lima Freitas, Ana Emilly Lima da Costa, Catharina Cavalcanti Ribeiro de Sá, Maria Carla Chaves de Sousa, Natália de Brito Mota, Rafael Barbosa de Moura https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological and Ultrastructural Responses of Sweet Potato cv. Campina to Sodium Selenite During in vitro Micropropagation
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient involved in antioxidant protection, immune regulation, and human metabolic health. However, Se deficiency affects nearly 15% of the global population, reinforcing the need for effective biofortification strategies. This study evaluated the physiological and ultrastructural responses of Ipomoea batatas L. cv. Campina plantlets cultured in vitro under increasing sodium selenite concentrations. Nodal segments were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 µM Se in a completely randomized design with seven replicates. After 30 days, shoot length, leaf number, senescence, biomass, and Se accumulation were quantified. Shoot elongation remained highest in the control and at 5–15 µM Se, while green leaf number and fresh biomass peaked at 5 µM. Senescent leaves increased markedly at 25 µM, and dry biomass was greatest in the control and 5 µM treatments. Selenium accumulation increased proportionally with external concentrations. Moderate supplementation (5 µM) enhanced growth and maintained epidermal integrity, whereas higher doses induced reduced biomass, leaf senescence, and stomatal deformation. These findings demonstrate that controlled Se supplementation during micropropagation is an effective strategy for producing Se-enriched sweet potato plantlets with predictable mineral content, supporting their use in nutritional and functional food applications. Keywords: Selenium Biofortification. Ipomoea batatas. Plant Tissue Culture. Ultrastructure. In vitro Propagation. Resumo O selênio (Se) é um micronutriente essencial envolvido na proteção antioxidante, na regulação do sistema imunológico e na manutenção da saúde metabólica humana. Entretanto, a deficiência de Se afeta cerca de 15% da população mundial, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias eficazes de biofortificação. Este estudo avaliou as respostas fisiológicas e ultraestruturais de brotações de Ipomoea batatas L. cv. Campina cultivadas in vitro sob concentrações crescentes de selenito de sódio. Segmentos nodais foram cultivados em meio Murashige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 ou 25 µM de Se, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete repetições. Após 30 dias, foram quantificados o comprimento da parte aérea, o número de folhas verdes e senescentes, a biomassa fresca e seca e o acúmulo de Se. O alongamento dos brotos permaneceu maior no controle e entre 5 e 15 µM de Se, enquanto o número de folhas verdes e a biomassa fresca atingiram seus maiores valores em 5 µM. As folhas senescentes aumentaram significativamente em 25 µM, e a biomassa seca foi maior no controle e em 5 µM. O acúmulo de selênio aumentou proporcionalmente às concentrações externas. A suplementação moderada (5 µM) promoveu o crescimento e manteve a integridade epidérmica, enquanto doses superiores reduziram a biomassa, intensificaram a senescência foliar e causaram deformações estomáticas. Esses resultados demonstram que a suplementação controlada de Se durante a micropropagação é uma estratégia eficaz para produzir mudas de batata-doce biofortificadas com conteúdo mineral previsível, apoiando seu uso em aplicações nutricionais e alimentos funcionais. Palavras-chave: Biofortificação com Selênio. Ipomoea batatas. Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais. Ultraestrutura. Propagação in Vitro.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lailla Sabrina Queiroz Nazareno, Gabrielen de Maria Gomes Dias, Jorge Braga Ribeiro Junior, Marcelo de Almeida Guimarães, Helon Hébano de Freitas Sousa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metabolite Profiling (GC-MS), Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Baccharis dracunculifolia Hydroalcoholic Extract
Baccharis dracunculifolia, popularly known as ‘field rosemary’, is a shrub native to South America with reported anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the metabolite profile of the hydroalcoholic extract of B. dracunculifolia using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and to determine its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Sixteen metabolites were identified, predominantly terpenoids (46%), along with ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and acids. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ of 17.7 ± 0.02 mg/mL in the DPPH assay and 361 ± 0.03 µmol Trolox/g in the ABTS assay. Total flavonoid content was 6.0 ± 0.14 mg rutin/100 g extract (w/w), while total phenolic content reached 17.10 ± 0.27 mg GAE/g. Regarding antibacterial activity, the extract displayed bacteriostatic effects (MIC) ranging from 370 µg/mL for L. monocytogenes to 7,500 µg/mL for P. aeruginosa, and bactericidal effects (MBC) from 2,500 µg/mL for S. aureus to 30,000 µg/mL for E. coli. The bioactive potential observed can be largely attributed to the presence of triterpenes. B. dracunculifolia hydroalcoholic extract is a promising source for pharmacological, phytochemical, and microbiological investigations. Keywords: Antibacterial activity. ABTS. DPPH. Flavonoids. Phenols. Resumo Baccharis dracunculifolia, popularmente conhecida como "alecrim do campo", é um arbusto nativo da América do Sul que apresenta propriedades anti-inflamatórias, antimicrobianas, anticancerígenas e antioxidantes. Este estudo avaliou o perfil metabólico do extrato hidroalcoólico de B. dracunculifolia por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e determinou sua atividade antioxidante e antibacteriana. Foram identificados 16 metabólitos, predominantemente terpenoides (46%), juntamente com cetonas, aldeídos, hidrocarbonetos e ácidos. O extrato apresentou atividade antioxidante com CI50 de 17,7 ± 0,02 mg/mL (ensaio DPPH) e 361 ± 0,03 µmol Trolox/g (ensaio ABTS). O teor total de flavonoides foi de 6,0 ± 0,14 mg de rutina/100 g de extrato (p/p) e o de fenóis totais de 17,10 ± 0,27 mg GAE/g. Em relação à atividade antimicrobiana, o extrato apresentou efeito bacteriostático (CIM) variando de 370 µg/mL para L. monocytogenes a 7500 µg/mL para P. aeruginosa, e efeito bactericida (CBM) entre 2500 µg/mL para S. aureus e 30000 µg/mL para E. coli. O potencial bioativo observado pode ser atribuído, em grande parte, à presença de triterpenos. O extrato hidroalcoólico de B. dracunculifolia é uma fonte relevante para investigações farmacológicos, fitoquímicas e microbiológicas. Palavras-chave: Atividade antibacteriana. ABTS. DPPH. Flavonoides. Fenóis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alexsandra Iarlen Cabral Cruz, Milena da Cruz Costa, Jessica Ferreira Mafra, Mariza Alves Ferreira, Alana Kercia Marques Miranda, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro, Floricéa Magalhães Araújo, Norma Suely Evangelista-Barreto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Coffee Grounds as a Sustainable Alternative Substrate for Large-Scale Production of Beauveria bassiana
This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using coffee grounds as an alternative substrate for the mass production of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, comparing its performance with conventional solid-state fermentation systems, particularly the rice-based method commonly used in industry. The proposed approach addresses the need to reduce production costs, improve process efficiency, and valorize low-commercial-value agro-industrial residues, while maintaining the biological effectiveness of the fungus. Different substrate formulations composed of coffee grounds alone or mixed with soil or clay at proportions of 100% and 50–50% were tested, and three initial moisture levels (60%, 70%, and 80%) were evaluated. After inoculation with 10⁷ conidia·g⁻¹ and incubation at 26 °C for ten days, conidial production was quantified. The most promising formulation was then compared with the standard rice substrate in terms of spore yield and maintenance of fungal virulence. Bioassays were performed with Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica using conidial concentrations ranging from 10⁵ to 10⁹ conidia·mL⁻¹. Mortality, confirmed fungal infection (conidiogenesis), and lethal time were assessed.The results showed that the coffee-grounds/soil mixture (1:1) at 70% moisture yielded the highest spore production, surpassing the conventional rice-based system. The fungal strain maintained high virulence, reaching 100% mortality in both insect species at the highest concentrations tested. LT₅₀ values ranged from three to four days, depending on the target species. Coffee grounds,particularly when combined with soil—constitute an efficient, economically viable, and sustainable substrate for B. bassiana production, improving conidial yields while preserving fungal infective potential. This substrate represents a promising innovation for large-scale bioinsecticide production. Keywords: Agro-Industrial Waste. Entomopathogenic Fungi. Solid-State Fermentation. Bioinsecticide. Agricultural Sustainability. Resumo O modelo agrícola contemporâneo enfrenta um desafio crescente: a dependência de pesticidas sintéticos. Embora eficazes a curto prazo, esses agroquímicos representam um risco significativo à saúde humana e causam graves desequilíbrios ambientais. Diante disso, o controle biológico de pragas surge como uma alternativa sustentável e de importância vital. Entre as estratégias disponíveis, a utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos—organismos que naturalmente infectam e matam insetos—destaca-se como um dos modelos mais eficientes. A crescente demanda por bioinseticidas baseados em fungos, como o Beauveria bassiana, impulsiona a necessidade urgente de aprimorar os sistemas de produção em escala industrial. O principal gargalo reside nos altos custos operacionais e na busca por substratos de cultivo que sejam simultaneamente efetivos e economicamente viáveis. Neste contexto, vários pesquisadores têm focado na valorização de resíduos de baixo valor comercial. O presente estudo investigou a viabilidade da utilização de um resíduo doméstico e agroindustrial amplamente disponível: a borra de café, como substrato nutritivo para a produção maciça de Beauveria bassiana via fermentação em estado sólido. Os achados desta pesquisa são promissores e demonstraram que formulações utilizando a borra de café não apenas são economicamente viáveis, mas também se revelaram mais eficientes na esporulação do fungo quando comparadas ao sistema de produção convencional, que tipicamente utiliza grãos de arroz. Esta descoberta estabelece a borra de café como um substrato superior para bioinseticidas, oferecendo uma solução de duplo impacto positivo: reduzindo um resíduo e otimizando a produção de agentes de controle biológico. Palavras-chave: Resíduo Agroindustrial. Fungos Entomopatogênicos. Fermentação em Estado Sólido. Bioinseticida. Sustentabilidade Agrícola. Valorização De Resíduos. Beauveria Bassiana.
Copyright (c) 2026 Durinézio José de Almeida, Luciana Pelegrini, Marcos Boberto Barbosa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Edible Coatings on the Physicochemical Quality and Fatty Acid Profile of Brazil Nut Almonds During Storage
The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical quality and fatty acid profile of Brazil nut almonds stored at room temperature under different edible coatings. The almonds were sanitized and coated with three formulations containing whey protein, xanthan gum, and essential oils of basil, thyme, and mint, compared to an uncoated control group. After 120 days of storage, physicochemical analyses, texture measurements, and fatty acid profile assessments were performed. The treatments showed no significant differences compared to the control in moisture content, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, energy value, pH, and soluble solids, indicating that the coatings did not influence these basic quality parameters. However, changes were observed in ash content, titratable acidity, texture, and luminosity of the coated almonds, suggesting that coatings can modify specific characteristics related to physicochemical stability and appearance of the product. The fatty acid profile exhibited modifications in both the treatments and the control, possibly associated with natural lipid oxidation occurring during storage, which is common in high-lipid foods. Most of the evaluated coatings did not outperform the control in preserving the analyzed characteristics. Nonetheless, the incorporation of essential oils shows potential for application in Brazil nut almonds, although further studies are needed to improve their efficacy and understand their interactions with the lipid compounds present in the product. Keywords: Edible Coating. Storage. Rancidity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucas Silva Peixoto, Rutinéia Martins Freitas, Clistiane Santos Santana, Pedro Henrique Goncalves do Nascimento, Carolina Lilibeth Carvalho de Pinho; Tiago Silva Peixoto; Osvaldo Resende, Marcos Vinicius Hendges, Daniel Emanuel Cabral de Oliveira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microbiological Profile and Health Risks of Artisanally Processed Animal Products in the State of Mato Grosso
This study assessed the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in artisanal foods products of animal origin in Mato Grosso between 2019 and 2024 and identified potential public health risks. We conducted a retrospective review of analyses performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Food Microbiology (LABMMA) of the Faculty of Nutrition at the Federal University of Mato Grosso. We analyzed quantitative counts of Escherichia coli; coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Staphylococcus enterotoxins; Bacillus cereus; sulfite-reducing clostridia; molds and yeasts; Enterobacteriaceae; and Listeria monocytogenes and conducted qualitative detection of Salmonella spp. Records for 145 samples - dairy products, meat products, fish, honey, lard, and animal meal - were reviewed. Thirty-three samples (22.4%) failed because they contained at least one microorganism exceeding the limits established by Normative Instruction 161/2022 of the National Health Surveillance Agency – (ANVISA – Brazil). Notably, two fish samples were positive for Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli was detected in fish (07), meat (06), and dairy products (11), with median E. coli counts of 104 CFU/g in fish and 102 CFU/gin meat and dairy products. High counts of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp., were also observed, with median populations of 104 in dairy products and 105 CFU/gram in fish. These findings underscore the need for targeted measures to mitigate these pathogens in artisanal foods produced in Mato Grosso, thereby improving product safety and protecting public health. Keywords: Food Safety. Artisanal Foods. Salmonella spp. Staphylococcus spp. Escherichia coli.
Copyright (c) 2025 Márcio Gonçalo de Lima , Yuri Porto Duarte, Adelino Da Cunha Neto, Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo, Ricardo César Tavares Carvalho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physiological and Sanitary Characterization of Seed Lots of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú Marketed in Campo Grande, MS
In recent years, Brazil has distinguished itself as the world leader in the production, consumption, and export of forage seeds. This position in the agricultural landscape has been consolidated through the use of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú seeds. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the sanitary and physiological quality of seed lot samples from the 2018-2019 crop of U. brizantha, cultivar Marandú, marketed by four forage seed companies in the city of Campo Grande, MS, obtained in 2020 for analysis and stored in paper bags under average environmental conditions of 21.9°C (temperature) and 68% (relative humidity), respectively. To evaluate the sanitary quality of the seeds, the Blotter Test was performed. Physiological evaluation included a germination test alongside biometric tests, such as seedling length, seedling dry mass, emergence in sand, length of emerged seedlings in sand, dry mass of emerged seedlings in sand, and weight of one thousand seeds. The incidence of various fungi was verified, with 89.2% in samples from company A, 89.7% from company B, 98% from company C, and 86.7% from company D; germination values ranged from 53.2% to 91.2%, and for emergence in sand, all values obtained were below 60% in the U. brizantha cv. Marandú seeds analyzed. The results revealed low sanitary and physiological quality in all batches, regardless of the company, during the period when the tests were conducted. Keywords: Forage Seeds. Fungi. Germination. Physiological Quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rayani Ferreira Costa , Denise Renata Pedrinho, Geonanna Fátima Silva Nascimento, Ismail Teodoro Souza Junior , Mariane Tico Arce, Bianca Obes Corrêa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Legal and Management of Urban Permanent Preservation Areas: Analysis of the Bálsamo Watershed, Campo Grande, MS
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the legal protection of urban Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), which perform important environmental functions. The discussion is structured around the conflicts between fundamental rights arising from anthropic occupation in protected and environmentally fragile areas. The conformity of the APPs along the Bálsamo Stream, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with environmental legislation was investigated through the assessment of documents issued between 2019 and 2023 by the municipal environmental agency related to the management of these APPs. Furthermore, the legal instruments applied were examined, and gaps and opportunities for the improvement of environmental public policies were identified. The results indicated the insufficiency of the legal protection granted to urban APPs and the need for effective measures. The study showed that the environmental agency sought to safeguard the fundamental right to an ecologically balanced environment in the face of socio-environmental challenges, recognizing the autonomous and independent legal value of the environmental function of properties in urban APPs. However, social issues affected the effectiveness of the agency’s actions. Local public policies must include specific mechanisms to ensure the environmental functions of APPs in urban areas, in order to prevent irregular occupations, reconcile the social and environmental functions of properties, and require the restoration of degraded or improperly used APPs. Expanding and strengthening the environmental agency is also necessary for the effective legal protection of urban APPs, aiming to guarantee the right to a balanced environment and the conservation, improvement, and recovery of environmental quality in the urban environment. Keywords: Fundamental Rights. Environmental Public Policies. Urban Forests. Degraded Areas. Forest Law.
Copyright (c) 2025 Higo Dalmagro, Dayane Zanela Amorim Pirolo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tuberculosis Lesions Associated with the Production and Epidemiological Profiles of Cattle with Positive Intradermal Test
Bovine tuberculosis (BT) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, characterized by nodular and granulomatous lesions in organs, lymph nodes and carcasses, leading to significant economic and sanitary losses in cattle production. The comparative cervical test (CCT) is the main method recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) for diagnosis. This study aimed to correlate the presence of characteristic BT lesions in the sanitary slaughter of 257 bovines from nine cities in Northern Paraná State (2021-2022) with the productive (management system and aptitude) and epidemiological (sex, age and origin) characteristics of the animals. Only 28% (71/257) of the CCT-positive animals had lesions, and 91% (64/71) of these were females over 36 months old. The correlations between the presence of lesions and age and sex were significant, indicating a higher prevalence of the disease in older females. Lesions were mainly in the head (97.1%), lung (69.1%), lung lymph nodes (69.1%), liver (50.7%), intestines (31.0%) and spleen (29.6%). There is no direct correlation between the animals' location and lesions' presence. Still, the distribution of these injuries suggests possible differences in the mechanisms of infection, the strains of M. bovis or the stages of the disease. Keywords: Age. Aptitude. Sex. Management System. Origin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daiane Fernanda Ferreira, Sergio Tosi Cardim, Elis Lorenzetti, Bruna Cardoso Coelho Galafassi, Manuela Amanda Jorge, Elsa Helena Walter de Santana, Lina Casale Aragon-Alegro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Milk of a Dairy Industry of Municipality of Juína, MT, Brazil
The quality of raw milk is essential to ensure food safety and to standardize dairy production in Brazil. Normative Instruction 76/2018, issued by the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), establishes standards for milk composition and microbiological counts, serving as a reference for both dairy producers and the industry. This study aimed to evaluate the compliance of milk received by a dairy plant in Juína/MT between 2013 and 2018 with the criteria established by IN 76/2018. Quality control reports of refrigerated raw milk were analyzed, focusing on fat content, Non-fat Dry Extract (NFDE), Somatic Cell Count (SCC), and Standard Plate Count (SPC). Results showed that fat and NFDE levels consistently remained within the normative standards, indicating an adequate nutritional profile of the milk. Regarding SCC and SPC, although monthly averages generally remained within the legal limits, certain months presented values above the established thresholds, highlighting isolated failures in management, hygiene, and refrigeration practices. These deviations did not display a consistent seasonal or temporal pattern, suggesting that nonconformities were primarily related to operational factors rather than environmental conditions. In conclusion, while some milk quality parameters complied with the current legislation, challenges remain in improving overall quality. Enhanced handling, storage, hygiene, and transportation procedures are essential to guarantee that raw milk consistently meets the regulatory standards, ensuring both industrial efficiency and consumer safety. Keywords: Milk quality. Somatic Cell Count. Standard Plate Count. Milk fat. Milk composition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Ribeiro Rocha, Simone Fernanda Nedel Pertile, Josiane Ito Eleodoro Sanches, Jusciléia Telma Amaral, José Victor Pronievicz Barreto, Camila Hernandes De Oliveira, Daniel Da Silva Neves, Luiz Fernando Coelho da Cunha Filho, , Fabíola Cristine de Almeida Rego https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chitosan/PVA/Starch Ternary Film With Ilex paraguariensis Hydroalcoholic Extract as an Antimicrobial Active Package for Meat
The study investigated the development of a ternary active film incorporating Ilex paraguariensis extract as an antimicrobial agent. The film is composed of starch, polyvinyl alcohol, and chitosan solutions, combined with dry I. paraguariensis extract. Following preparation and drying, the films underwent antimicrobial and mechanical testing. The mechanical properties of the active films were promising, and the swelling index stabilized at 750%. To assess antimicrobial efficacy, tests were conducted using red meat samples contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, comparing the performance of the active film to commercial polyvinyl chloride film as a control. The results demonstrated the superior antimicrobial properties of the ternary active film compared to the control. When used to wrap contaminated meat samples, the active film significantly reduced bacterial growth, showing a two-logarithmic-cycle difference in colony counts compared to the commercial polyvinyl chloride film. This substantial reduction in bacterial proliferation underscores the effectiveness of the I. paraguariensis extract as an antimicrobial agent within the film matrix. The study concludes that the developed ternary film exhibits both good mechanical properties and microbiological effectiveness, suggesting its potential for applications in food packaging, particularly in preserving meat products and extending their shelf life. Keywords: Active Packaging. Antimicrobial Activity. Ilex Paraguariensis. Food Packaging. Natural Extracts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ricardo Stefani, Liane Castro Bemme https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Simulation of the Influence of Vegetation on Thermal Comfort Conditions in the Surroundings of the Medical Emergency Unit in the Municipality of São José dos Quatro Marcos - MT
In order to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of the urban microclimate, this work aimed to simulate microclimatic scenarios and develop chromatic maps around the medical emergency room in the city of São José dos Quatro Marcos, MT, aiming to reduce the thermal discomfort of users of the local health unit. Data on temperature and relative humidity were collected at six different points around the unit, between the spring (December/2023) and autumn (March/2024) seasons. ENVI-met Microclimate Simulation System Version 5 was used to simulate the microclimate before and after the insertion of vegetation in the locations, evaluating thermal comfort with the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index for different times (8 am, 2 pm and 8 pm) using the BIO-met module. The Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare the mean hourly air temperature and humidity levels between the seasons, revealing a statistically significant difference between the groups (W = 74, p<0.005 for temperature and W = 495.5, p<0.005 for humidity). The implementation of tree cover in the simulation resulted in a reduction in the temperature around the São José dos Quartro Marcos Medical Emergency Room; however, it proved to be inadequate in relation to the PMV thermal comfort index, not meeting its minimum requirements for the established comfort rate. This study provided a valuable basis for the development of urban planning strategies aimed at optimizing thermal comfort. Keywords: Thermal Discomfort. Urban Microclimate. Air Temperature. Relative Humidity. Predicted Mean Vote.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhiego Donizethe Ferreira Gumieri, Celso De Arruda Souza, Andressa Ricci Biz Messias, Osvaldo Borges Pinto Junior https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Recurrent Micropapillary Carcinoma with Lymph Node Metastasis in bitch: Unilateral Mastectomy and OncoMap-Guided Therapeutic Approach – Case Report
Mammary neoplasms are among the most common oncological disorders in small animals, with most cases being malignant and strongly influenced by hormonal factors, particularly estrogen and progesterone. Mastectomy remains the treatment of choice, with the surgical approach determined by the affected gland(s) and tumor size. Before surgery, the presence of metastases should be evaluated using imaging modalities such as abdominal ultrasonography, thoracic radiography, and/or computed tomography. Adjuvant therapies, including chemotherapy or targeted treatments, are indicated according to the histological type, tumor grade, clinical stage, and immunohistochemical profile. This report describes a case of micropapillary carcinoma with lymphatic metastasis in a female dog that developed tumor recurrence despite appropriate surgical management and adjuvant chemotherapy. Following recurrence, mastectomy of the remaining mammary chain was performed, and genomic analysis using OncoMap guided a change in therapeutic strategy, revealing the ineffectiveness of the previous protocol and resulting in a survival outcome that differed from reports in the literature. Keywords: Hormones. Mammary Neoplasm. Metastasis. Surgery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Camila Figueiredo Santos Carvalho, Luciana Maria Curtio Soares, Ricardo César Tavares Carvalho, Tathiana Ferguson Motheo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genotype X Environment Interaction Affecting the Physicochemical Quality of Coffea canephora Clones Cultivated in Western Amazonia
Coffea canephora is a coffee crop species of economic and social importance in Western Amazonia as a source of income for smallholder farms, which benefits from the proximity to forest ecosystems and their natural pollinators. This study evaluated the physicochemical composition of green beans from the predominant C. canephora clones cultivated in the region. Moisture, aqueous extract, total ash, pH, total titratable acidity, crude protein content, lipid content, total phenolic compounds, and total soluble sugars were evaluated in two contrasting environments. The genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced all evaluated traits, with total phenolic compounds showing the largest variation (3.50–5.61 g gallic acid equivalents 100 g−1), reaching up to 50% higher concentrations in the lower-altitude environment (Porto Velho, RO; 88 m) than in São Felipe d’Oeste, RO (276 m). Correlations between aqueous extract and total soluble sugars, and between total phenolic compounds and reducing sugars, were significant in both environments, indicating the absence of environmental effects on these associations. Clone LB80 exhibited the greatest stability in physicochemical composition across environments, whereas clones AR106, LB15, and N16 showed the least stability. The evaluated clones showed considerable genetic diversity, particularly clone AS1, which exhibited the highest crude protein and total soluble sugar contents. The results indicate the importance of selecting genotypes adapted to specific soil and climate conditions to optimize bean quality and enhance the market competitiveness of C. canephora produced in Western Amazonia. Keywords: Amazonian Robusta. Green Bean Composition. Phenolic Compounds. Stability.
Larissa Cristina Torrezani Starling Reinicke
Copyright (c) 2025 Hilton Lopes Junior, Larissa Cristina Torrezani Starling Reinicke, Fernando Henrique Meneguci Lemos, Luiza Carolina Carolina Morais Silva, Rodrigo Simões Silva, Rodrigo Barros Rocha, Marcelo Curitiba Espindula https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Soil Texture, Planting Depth and Light Intensity Interference with Trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis L.) growth
Trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis L.) stands out as one of the main weeds in Brazilian agriculture due to its frequency and hard control. Understanding this species ecophysiology allows taking more accurate and sustainable management decisions. The aim of the present study is to assess C. benghalensis growth and developmentby taking into consideration the influence of the soil type used as substrate, of both cuttings’ planting depth and different light conditions. In order to do so, two separate experiments were conducted under a completely randomized design (bioassays I and II). Cuttings in bioassay I were transplanted into trays filled with four substrate types comprising different natural soil textures: S1 (sand), S2 (sandy soil), S3 (medium-textured soil) and S4 (clay soil). The effect of two light conditions (50% shade and full sun) and two planting depths (cuttings buried approximately 1 cm down in the soil and placed on soil surface) was assessed in bioassay II. The analyzed parameters included cutting length, number of leaves and shoots, fresh and dry matter, and leaf area. According to the results, C. benghalensis development was optimized by substrates with higher sand content under shading conditions. Growth did not differ between buried cuttings and those placed on soil surface. This information has highlighted the best environment types for trapoeraba infestation and they require adjustments in herbicide doses and mowing avoidance. Keywords: Weed. Vegetative Propagation. Soil Particle Size. Light.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bruno França da Trindade Lessa , Marcos Sales Rodrigues, Gabriela Amaral Braga, Bruna Santana de Melo, Luiz Filipe Castro e Silva, Ester Silva Regis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dose–Response Relationships of flumioxazin, S-Metolachlor, and the Apresa® Mixture in Vegetables: Implications for Germination and Root Development
This study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxicity of flumioxazin, S-metolachlor, and their combined formulation (Apresa®) at different concentrations on lettuce (Lactuca sativa), onion (Allium cepa), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Germination and root growth tests were performed using seeds exposed to the field-recommended dose (FD), as well as to dilutions of 1%, 3%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% FD, and at a 300% FD. The different herbicide concentrations identified dose–response relationships, allowing determination of safe thresholds and potential toxic effects. The Apresa® was more toxic than the individual herbicides, particularly to lettuce, with significant reductions in germination at FD (p < 0.01) and at 300% FD (p < 0.001). Cucumber demonstrated greater tolerance, except at 300% FD of S-metolachlor. Phytotoxic responses varied by crop and formulation: lettuce was more sensitive to S-metolachlor, while cucumber and onion were more affected by the Apresa®. Given the economic and nutritional importance of these vegetables and the widespread use of no-till systems and herbicide combinations, rigorous monitoring of residual effects is essential to guide safer agricultural practices. Keywords: Phytotoxicity. Residual Herbicides. Vegetable Crops.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natanael Alves da Silva, Susy Ricardo Lemes Pontes, Carlos Filipe Camilo Cotrim, Fábio Santos Matos, Virginia Damin, Luciane Madureira de Almeida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Nutritional Labeling and Commercialization of Salted Pork Offal and Salted Fish in Supermarkets in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro Municipality
Salted foods such as pork offal and fish are widely consumed in traditional Brazilian dishes, such as feijoada, and during festive occasions like Easter and Christmas. However, improper handling and preparation of these products may lead to excessive sodium intake, increasing the risk of chronic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the compliance of nutritional labeling and packaging practices of salted pork offal and salted fish, based on declared sodium content, presence of food additives, shelf life, packaging type, desalting instructions, and storage conditions. Labels from 29 salted pork offal and 11 salted fish products, belonging to 19 different brands and sold in five supermarket chains in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro, were analyzed. Data collection was conducted through photographic records at points of sale and analyzed according to ANVISA’s regulatory standards IN n° 75/2020, n° 92/2002, and n° 01/2019. Nonconformities were identified in pork offal and salted fish, respectively: absence of the sodium warning symbol (24% and 64%), omission of sodium content in the nutritional table (24% and 45%), variations in shelf life (41.19% and 35.36%), lack of desalting instructions (83% and 100%), and poorer labeling and storage conditions (41.37% and 81.81%) when repackaged by supermarkets. The presence of curing agents (72%) and lack of information on additives (28%) were also observed in pork offal. The findings reinforce the need for enhanced inspection and training of retail establishments to ensure compliance with current legislation. Keywords: Salted Pork Offal. Salted Fish. Dry-Salted Fish. Sodium. Labeling.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yasmin Aquino Cardoso Liani, Luciana Helena Maia Porte, Alexandre Porte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Thermal Field in the Cargo Compartment of a Single Box Trucks During the Transport of Day-Old Chicks: a Kriging Interpolation Analysis
One-day-old chicks require strict thermal control during transportation to ensure their well-being and survival. This study aims to evaluate the internal environmental conditions inside the cargo compartment of a box truck during the transport of 62,000 chicks over a 520 km journey lasting 11 hours. Temperature data were collected using sensors and analyzed using the Kriging method to generate thermal distribution maps from the cargo compartment of the box truck. Although the air conditioning system of the box truck was designed to maintain an ambient temperature within the range of 24 °C to 26 °C, the results have shown a higher prevalence of elevated temperatures in the front section of the compartment, with peaks of 27 °C, thus, revealing significant temperature deviations from the recommended range, indicating inadequate environmental control. These findings emphasize the need for improved thermal regulation systems during road transportation to ensure the chicks’ well-being and health, contributing to greater productivity efficiency in the poultry industry. Keywords: Bird Transportation. Hygrothermal Conditions. Poultry Farming. Thermal Stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adam Rotava Herget, Raphael Odebrecht De Souza, Fernanda Perazzolo Disconzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0