Photodynamic potential of micellar extracts of spirulina and chlorella by Artemia salina bioassay

Authors

  • Werlayne Vitalina Fontana Garcês Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Tecnologia. PR, Brazil.
  • João Gabriel da Silva Andrade Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Engenharia Qúimica. PR, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-9464
  • Carlos Eduardo Porto Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Engenharia Quimica PR, Brazil.
  • Vanessa Daneluz Gonçalves Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Tecnologia. PR, Brazil.
  • Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica. PR, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-887X
  • Vagner Roberto Batistela Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica. PR, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8151-8765

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2026v30n3p%25p

Abstract

Photodynamic inactivation generally utilizes synthetic photosensitizers of relatively high cost and difficult formulation, whose obtainment and final destination considerably impact the environment. Thus, the search for natural photosensitizers emerges as an alternative with greater sustainable viability. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the photodynamic performance of micellar extracts of Spirulina maxima (SPI) and Chlorella vulgaris (CHLOR) formulated in the surfactant Pluronic® F-127, through toxicity bioassays with Artemia salina. The experiments were conducted in a photoreactor with a 50 W red LED lighting system, using a Box-Behnken experimental design to evaluate the factors: illumination time, dilution extraction factor, and NaCl concentration. Overall, the CHLOR extracts showed higher photodynamic activity than the SPI extracts. Furthermore, the illumination time was the most important factor in explaining the percentage of A. salina mortality. The extract dilution did not significantly affect A. salina mortality in the CHLOR assays, unlike what occurred with the SPI extracts, in which the 1/100 dilution promoted greater inactivation. The results show that CHLOR and SPI can offer promising sources of natural photosensitizers, favoring therapeutic alternatives for photodynamic inactivation applications. These results pave the way for future studies, especially in the development of models to combat infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms, with the aim of expanding the treatment options available for human and animal health.

Keywords: Photodynamic Inactivation. Bioassay. Natural Photosensitizers.

Resumo

A inativação fotodinâmica geralmente utiliza fotossensibilizadores sintéticos de relatiovo alto custo e de difícil formulação, cuja obtenção e destino final impactam consideravelmente o meio ambiente. Assim, a busca por fotossensibilizadores naturais surge como uma alternativa com maior viabilidade sustentável. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho fotodinâmico de extratos micelares de Spirulina maxima (SPI) e Chlorella vulgaris (CHLOR) formulados em surfactante Pluronic® F-127, por meio de bioensaios de toxicidade com Artemia salina. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em um fotorreator com sistema de iluminação LED vermelha de 50 W, utilizando um planejamento experimental Box-Behnken para avaliar os fatores: tempo de iluminação, fator de extração por diluição e concentração de NaCl. De forma geral, os extratos de CHLOR apresentaram maior atividade fotodinâmica do que os extratos de SPI. Além disso, o tempo de iluminação constituiu o fator mais importante para explicar a porcentagem de mortalidade de A. salina. A diluição do extrato não afetou significativamente a mortalidade de A. salina nos ensaios com CHLOR, ao contrário do que ocorreu com os extratos de SPI, nos quais a diluição de 1/100 promoveu maior inativação. Os resultados mostram que a CHLOR e SPI podem oferecer fontes promissoras de fotossensibilizadores naturais, favorecendo alternativas terapêuticas para aplicações de inativação fotodinâmica.Esses resultados abrem caminho para estudos futuros, especialmente no desenvolvimento de modelos para combater infecções causadas por microrganismos patogênicos, com o objetivo de ampliar as opções de tratamento disponíveis para a saúde humana e animal.

Palavras-chave: Inativação Fotodinâmica. Bioensaio. Fotossensibilizadores Naturais.

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Author Biographies

  • Werlayne Vitalina Fontana Garcês, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Tecnologia. PR, Brazil.

    Bachelor's degree in Nutrition in 2018. Completed a technical high school course in Teacher Training in 2015. Holds a postgraduate degree in Biochemistry from UNIGUAÇÚ Faculty. In 2023, completed a Master's degree in Sustainability from UEM/IFPR. Currently a doctoral candidate in Bioenergy at UNIOESTE.

  • João Gabriel da Silva Andrade, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Engenharia Qúimica. PR, Brazil.

    PhD in Chemical Engineering at the State University of Maringá (UEM), with a CAPES scholarship. Master's degree in Chemical Engineering (UEM) and Bachelor's degree in Environmental Engineering from UEM.

  • Carlos Eduardo Porto, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Engenharia Quimica PR, Brazil.

    He holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the State University of Maringá (UEM) and is currently pursuing a master's degree in the Postgraduate Program in Sustainability (PSU) at the State University of Maringá (UEM).

  • Vanessa Daneluz Gonçalves, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Tecnologia. PR, Brazil.

    Holds a degree in Environmental Engineering from the State University of the Midwest (2007). Master's degree in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering from the Federal University of Paraná, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation (2011). PhD in Chemical Engineering from the State University of Western Paraná (2019). Currently a professor at the State University of Maringá, Umuarama Campus. Collaborates in the Postgraduate Program in Sustainability, a joint program between the State University of Maringá and the Federal Institute of Paraná. Conducts research in the following areas: Biotechnology Applied to Engineering, Bioconcrete and Bioproducts with applications in Industry; Water Resources Management and Hydrology; Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies.

  • Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica. PR, Brazil.

    Holds a degree in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (1984), a specialization in drug analysis, synthesis and control from UFRGS (1987), a master's degree in Pharmacology from the University of São Paulo (1993), and a doctorate in Pharmacology from the University of São Paulo (1998). Currently, he is an associate professor at the State University of Maringá. He has experience in the field of Pharmacology, with an emphasis on General Pharmacology, mainly working on the following topics: inflammation/inflammatory response, pharmacoepidemiology, and pharmacology of biologically active natural and synthetic products. He is a member of the Brazilian Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (SBFTE) and the Brazilian Association of Pharmaceutical Sciences (ABCF).

  • Vagner Roberto Batistela, Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica. PR, Brazil.

    Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics at the State University of Maringá (UEM). PhD in Sciences from the Postgraduate Program in Chemistry at the State University of Maringá (CAPES concept 6). Bachelor's degrees in Chemistry and Nutrition from the State University of Maringá and the Ingá University Center, respectively. Professor accredited in the Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences (CAPES concept 5) at the State University of Maringá. Works on extension projects related to the area of ​​Health, aiming at promoting health in the community. Leader of the Research Group in Organic Physical Chemistry at the State University of Maringá/CNPq. Currently, conducts research in the following areas: a) Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Technology; b) Photochemical Technology; and c) Technologies for the Valorization of Agro-industrial Waste. Full member of the Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science (SBPC) and the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ), in the Divisions of Medicinal Chemistry, Photochemistry and Physical Chemistry. Member of the National Institute for Research and Innovation in Photothermal Imaging (INPIIF)/CNPq. Vice-director of the Photochemistry Division of the SBQ (2020-2022).

Published

2026-09-09

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Photodynamic potential of micellar extracts of spirulina and chlorella by Artemia salina bioassay. Ensaios e Ciência: Ciências Biológicas, Agrárias e da Saúde, [S. l.], v. 30, n. 3, p. 371–383, 2026. DOI: 10.17921/1415-6938.2026v30n3p%p. Disponível em: https://ensaioseciencia.pgsscogna.com.br/ensaioeciencia/article/view/14960. Acesso em: 17 oct. 2026.